The toxicologic pathology aspects of selected natural herbal products and          related compounds

Ibrahim, Ruba; Nyska, Abraham; Dunnick, June K.; Ramot, Yuval

doi:10.1293/tox.2021-0016

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Various effects were observed, including myocardial ischemia, necrosis and apoptosis, leading either to hemorrhage and sudden death, or ended with inflammation and fibrosis. Based on these pathological findings and the known properties of ephedrine, the cardiac toxicity of this alkaloid is thought to be a result of catecholamine release and binding to α- and β-adrenergic receptors, leading to Ca 2+ release and changes in electrical and contraction properties of the heart [ 129 ]. Other cases reports regarding the cardiac toxicity of ephedrine are enclosed in Table 4 .…”

Section: Ephedrinementioning

confidence: 99%

Natural Sympathomimetic Drugs: From Pharmacology to Toxicology

Costa

Grando²,

Milandri³

et al. 2022

Biomolecules

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Sympathomimetic agents are a group of chemical compounds that are able to activate the sympathetic nervous system either directly via adrenergic receptors or indirectly by increasing endogenous catecholamine levels or mimicking their intracellular signaling pathways. Compounds from this group, both used therapeutically or abused, comprise endogenous catecholamines (such as adrenaline and noradrenaline), synthetic amines (e.g., isoproterenol and dobutamine), trace amines (e.g., tyramine, tryptamine, histamine and octopamine), illicit drugs (e.g., ephedrine, cathinone, and cocaine), or even caffeine and synephrine. In addition to the effects triggered by stimulation of the sympathetic system, the discovery of trace amine associated receptors (TAARs) in humans brought new insights about their sympathomimetic pharmacology and toxicology. Although synthetic sympathomimetic agents are mostly seen as toxic, natural sympathomimetic agents are considered more complacently in the terms of safety in the vision of the lay public. Here, we aim to discuss the pharmacological and mainly toxicological aspects related to sympathomimetic natural agents, in particular of trace amines, compounds derived from plants like ephedra and khat, and finally cocaine. The main purpose of this review is to give a scientific and updated view of those agents and serve as a reminder on the safety issues of natural sympathomimetic agents most used in the community.

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Section: Ephedrinementioning

confidence: 99%

Natural Sympathomimetic Drugs: From Pharmacology to Toxicology

Costa

Grando²,

Milandri³

et al. 2022

Biomolecules

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“…Результаты проведенных исследований указывают на токсическое действие, которое в определенных дозах оказывает пулегон на внутренние органы экспериментальных животных (табл. 2, 3) [5,13,14].…”

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Issues of Safe Use of Plant-Based Food Supplements: A Review

Korotkova¹,

Bagryantseva²,

Sokolov³

et al. 2022

PH&LE

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Background: The widespread use of specialized food products, including plant-based dietary supplements, is determined by a rich variety of biologically active constituents. However, some plants containing such bioactive compounds as pulegone, menthofuran, estragole, methyleugenol, safrole, and thujone may cause adverse health effects. Objective: To review recent domestic and international scientific papers in order to substantiate the importance of regulating maximum permissible levels of monoterpene ketones (pulegone, menthofuran, and thujone) and alkenylbenzenes (estragole, methyleugenol, and safrole) in plant raw materials and plant-based nutritional supplements. Materials and methods: We used the keywords pulegone, menthofuran, methyleugenol, estragole, safrole, and thujone to search Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and RSCI abstract and citation databases and then applied information analysis and expert examination techniques to summarize research data published in Russian and English languages in 2001–2021. The initial sample consisted of 43 articles, of which 13 were excluded after initial screening. The selection criteria included availability of data on metabolism of the organic compounds in question, their levels in herbs and herbal teas, toxic effects on experimental animals, and potential adverse health effects in humans. We selected 30 full-text scientific publications and classified their data by the type of interventions. Results: The analysis of numerous studies of monoterpene ketones and alkenylbenzenes indicates a toxic effect of these groups of compounds on experimental animals. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified pulegone, methyleugenol and safrole in Group 2B, which means that they are possibly carcinogenic to humans. Human health risks from plant-based alkenylbenzenes contained in dietary supplements are also demonstrated. Conclusion: Our findings prove the need to take appropriate risk management measures in order to limit the use of certain plant species containing high concentrations of biologically active substances posing threat to human health and to regulate their permissible levels in plant-based supplements.

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“…2014) In addition, toxicological studies, where the combination of the active ingredients' effect is studied in an in-vitro setting on either human or animal cells. (Ibrahim R, et. al.…”

Section: Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Natural Based Chewable Lozenges for the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction. (c2022)

Frem¹

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Chewable lozenges are easy to use, and highly flavored oral dosage forms used to deliver active ingredients, while providing high patient compliance rates. This work targets the development of chewable lozenges containing multiple natural active ingredients for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Five batches were developed and analyzed consecutively by adjusting specific processes and material parameters such as the compounding procedure, and excipient quantities based on the physical appearance, stickiness, texture, chewiness, and taste of the lozenges. The most optimal batch obtained is batch “5” and includes adjustments to the compounding procedure to prepare the gelatin base separately while maintaining a heating temperature of 65-70˚C and a mixing speed of 750 rpm and maintaining a lower temperature of 50-60˚C with a mixing speed of 500 rpm while adding the active ingredients. Adjustments of the total liquid content was made to obtain a volume of 1.55 ml/lozenge and a water content of 0.30 ml/lozenge. In addition, the rotary evaporation technique was implemented to remove 6.7 ml (55.83%) of ethanol from the Black Maca liquid extract. Among other adjustments, these were the most significant in impacting the physical parameters and more specifically the stickiness of the lozenges. This project illustrates the successful development of chewable lozenges as a dosage form for the delivery of multiple active natural ingredients with distinct mechanisms of action. Water and solvent contents like ethanol, and process parameters can impact the physical characteristics of the chewable lozenges.

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The toxicologic pathology aspects of selected natural herbal products and related compounds

Cited by 5 publications

References 32 publications

Natural Sympathomimetic Drugs: From Pharmacology to Toxicology

Natural Sympathomimetic Drugs: From Pharmacology to Toxicology

Issues of Safe Use of Plant-Based Food Supplements: A Review

Novel Natural Based Chewable Lozenges for the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction. (c2022)

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