The toxicity of the biocides zineb, nabam and their derivatives to the ship‐fouling diatom<i>Amphora coffeaeformis</i>

Hunter, J E; Evans, L. V.

doi:10.1080/08927019009378150

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Although ED1 is the most toxic of the compounds, D I D T and copper showed the most pronounced synergistic effect (Hunter and Evans 1990). Zineb and T B T O showed an antagonistic effect.…”

Section: Synergistic Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…A marked synergism was also found between the fungicide zineb (zinc ethylenebisdithiocarbamate) and copper in experiments with Amphora cofeaeformis (Hunter and Evans 1990). This was shown to be because copper-enhanced degradation of zineb to the more toxic derivatives 5,bdihydro-3H-imidazo(2, I-c)-1,2,4dithiazole-3-thione (DIDT) and ethylene diisothiocyanate (EDI) occurs (Hunter and Evans 199 la), and these substances bind non-specifically to thiol (-SH) groups and disrupt cellular metabolism.…”

Section: Synergistic Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…which when used together with T B T or copper give an antifouling effect greater than the sum of their individual effects. For example, in laboratory experiments with the common ship-fouling diatom Amphora coffeaeformis it was found that a 50-fold reduction in tributyltin oxide (TBTO) concentration could be achieved, without loss of algicidal activity, if 2-guanidinododecane Evans (1990).…”

Section: Synergistic Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Antifouling strategies in the marine environment

Evans

Clarkson

1993

Journal of Applied Bacteriology

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“…Although ED1 is the most toxic of the compounds, D I D T and copper showed the most pronounced synergistic effect (Hunter and Evans 1990). Zineb and T B T O showed an antagonistic effect.…”

Section: Synergistic Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Synergistic Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Synergistic Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Antifouling strategies in the marine environment

Evans

Clarkson

1993

Journal of Applied Bacteriology

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“…According to Hunter and Evans (1990), sodium ethylene bisdithiocarbamate (EBDC), known as nabam, has fungitoxicity due to the formation of ethylene diisothiocyanate (EDI), which will combine unspecifically with many cell constituents such as thiol (-SH) containing enzymes. Although zineb (zinc-EBDC) and nabam were used as fungicides (Kaars-Sijpesteijn, 1983), they have been shown to substantially reduce slime (comprising bacteria, diatoms and cyanobacteria) on panels exposed to sea water.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retention of bacteria by cellulose fibres as a means of reducing biofouling in paper pulp production processes

Vieira¹,

Beleza²,

Melo³

1998

Biofouling

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The effectiveness of a non-oxidising biocide (a carbamate-based solution) as a retention agent for cells of Pseudomonas fluorescens in a paper pulp suspension was studied, as a way to reduce biofouling in pulp and paper production processes. The results indicated that the addition of the biocide not only changed the pH of the paper pulp suspension, but also shifted the surface charges of the bacterial cells from negative to neutral or positive values, depending on the pH value and the biocide concentration. Therefore, since the paper pulp fibres are negatively charged, adhesion of bacterial cells to the fibres is promoted. Hence, it was possible to obtain an increase in cell retention on the cellulose fibres from 45% to 75%, within less than 5min of contact between the carbamate and the pulp suspension. This effect increased with the concentration of carbamate solution in the fibre suspension (100-300 mg l -1 ), and was always higher than in the absence of biocide.

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“…Modes of action (a) Copper sulphate Copper, particularly in the form of copper sulphate, is used as a herbicide, fungicide and as an algicide. Hunter and Evans (1990) looked at the combined effects of zineb and nabam with cuprous oxide and copper thiocyanate on chlorophyll a content of the marine diatom Amphora coffeaeformis after 96 hours exposure. There is a delay in toxic effect with zineb suggesting that toxicity is due to metabolites, therefore the metabolites DIDT ((2,1-c)-1,2,4-dithiazole-3-thione) and EDI (Ethylene dissothiocyanate) were also tested.…”

Section: Primary Producersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repeated and multiple stress (exposure to pesticides) on aquatic organisms

Dennis

Tiede

Thompson

2012

EFSA Supporting Publications

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A systematic literature search identified publications relevant to repeated (94 papers) and mixture exposure (152 papers) of aquatic organisms. Limited data are available on pulsed exposure of pesticides and reports on repeated pulse or fluctuating exposures are even rarer. Although there has been recognition of the need for more realistic testing scenarios these lack a systematic approach. Among the reports on pesticide mixtures most of the plant studies evaluated interactions between mixtures of herbicides or fungicides / algicides. A small number of reports evaluated the effects on invertebrates of mixtures of pesticides with the same mode of action and these showed additive toxicity. More studies in invertebrates assessed interactions between pesticides with different modes of action including herbicide/ insecticide combinations some of which showed toxicity greater than additive. The majority of studies in fish have investigated the toxicity of insecticide mixtures. The toxicity of most combinations was at most additive, with a small number antagonistic. A small number of papers reported mixture effects of pesticides in amphibians; more than additive effects were observed with atrazine combinations. Simple models can be used to determine the additive toxicity of pesticide mixtures based on concentration addition or independent action. More complex models to determine the scale of synergy are species-and dose-dependent and rely on an understanding of the interactions involved. Further work is required to develop a greater understanding of the species, dose and time dependence of exposure to pesticide mixtures in which more complex interactions occur. In the interim, in the majority of cases the increase in toxicity is no greater than 3 fold when compared to additive, the deviation from additivity decreases with the increasing number of components in the mixture, and where no known interactions have been reported this may be an appropriate factor to include in risk assessments. KEY WORDSPulsed, mixtures, pesticides, aquatic organisms, synergism, additive effects DISCLAIMERThe present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors 1 Question No EFSA-Q-2011-00786. Repeated and Multiple Stress in Aquatic OrganismsSupporting publications 2012:EN-347 2The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by the author(s) in the...

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The toxicity of the biocides zineb, nabam and their derivatives to the ship‐fouling diatomAmphora coffeaeformis

Cited by 9 publications

References 21 publications

Antifouling strategies in the marine environment

Antifouling strategies in the marine environment

Retention of bacteria by cellulose fibres as a means of reducing biofouling in paper pulp production processes

Repeated and multiple stress (exposure to pesticides) on aquatic organisms

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