The Toxicity of Penicillin as Prepared for Clinical Use

Hamre, Dorothy; Rake, Geoffrey; McKee, Clara M.; MacPhillamy, H. B.

doi:10.1097/00000441-194311000-00011

Cited by 84 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…In the 1970s, a number of reports focused on the isolation of C. difficile from different hospitalised cases [15e21], but there did not seem to be an obvious pathogenic role in these cases, and C. difficile was still considered to be part of the normal faecal flora of humans. During this period, the first studies in animal models were published [22,23]. One of these studies [23] reported a cytopathic toxin in tissue-cultured cells and suggested the activation of an uncultivated virus.…”

Section: Clostridium Difficile Discovery and Its Early History In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clostridium difficile infection: Early history, diagnosis and molecular strain typing methods

Rodríguez

Broeck

Taminiau

et al. 2016

Microbial Pathogenesis

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a b s t r a c tRecognised as the leading cause of nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, the incidence of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) remains high despite efforts to improve prevention and reduce the spread of the bacterium in healthcare settings. In the last decade, many studies have focused on the epidemiology and rapid diagnosis of CDI. In addition, different typing methods have been developed for epidemiological studies. This review explores the history of C. difficile and the current scope of the infection. The variety of available laboratory tests for CDI diagnosis and strain typing methods are also examined.

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Section: Clostridium Difficile Discovery and Its Early History In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clostridium difficile infection: Early history, diagnosis and molecular strain typing methods

Rodríguez

Broeck

Taminiau

et al. 2016

Microbial Pathogenesis

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“…Initial observations of animal systems demonstrated that hamsters and guinea pigs often respond to the administration of antibiotics by developing a fatal enterocolitis (79,119,130,166,249). Further studies showed that sterile fecal filtrates from moribund animals alter the morphology of cultured mammalian cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clostridium difficile: clinical disease and diagnosis

1993

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Clostridium difficile is an opportunistic pathogen that causes a spectrum of disease ranging from antibiotic-associated diarrhea to pseudomembranous colitis. Although the disease was first described in 1893, the etiologic agent was not isolated and identified until 1978. Since clinical and pathological features of C. difficile-associated disease are not easily distinguished from those of other gastrointestinal diseases, including ulcerative colitis, chronic inflammatory bowel disease, and Crohn's disease, diagnostic methods have relied on either isolation and identification of the microorganism or direct detection of bacterial antigens or toxins in stool specimens. The current review focuses on the sensitivity, specificity, and practical use of several diagnostic tests, including methods for culture of the etiologic agent, cellular cytotoxicity assays, latex agglutination tests, enzyme immunoassay systems, counterimmunoelectrophoresis, fluorescent-antibody assays, and polymerase chain reactions.

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“…Toxicity of Penicillin to Guinea-pigs Heilman and Herrell (1944) found, in confirmation of Hamre et al (1943), that penicillin in large doses is toxic to normal guinea-pigs. The former writers report that "young guineapigs receiving from 1,000 to 5,000 units of penicillin daily in divided doses frequently died after several days."…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 89%