The total and free vitamin D in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Baghdad city

Abstract

Background: The free-form of vitamin D has been used by many researchers as an index of vitamin D status in health and disease. Several methods are there to estimate free, total, and even bioavailable vitamin D. Objective: The present work was carried out to measure free vitamin D using a special formula suggested by Bikle and Schwartz in 2019, which includes the vitamin D binding protein (VDBP). The results will be used to evaluate the vitamin D status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and its relation to the disease progression. Methods: Sixty-four patients with T2DM and 73 healthy subjects, all from Baghdad city, were enrolled in the current study from March to October 2020. For each participant, fasting blood glucose, hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin resistance HOMA-IR, and body mass index (BMI) were measured in addition to the total vitamin D and VDBP. Moreover, free vitamin D was calculated by the formula of Bikle & Schwartz. Results: There were highly significant correlations between total vitamin D and absolute values of free vitamin D or its percentage. The difference in total vitamin D was significant between patients and healthy controls with no significant change in VDBP, free and bio-available vitamin D, while free vitamin D% was higher in the patient’s group. Correlations between vitamin D and each of BMI, fasting glucose, HbA1c, and HOMA-IR were not significant; however, there was a negative correlation with BMI and fasting glucose in the healthy control subjects only. The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis of vitamin D in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus was poor. Conclusion: Total vitamin D can represent vitamin D status, but it cannot be used as a factor for diagnosing T2DM. However, it could be of importance to change the glycemic status.

Pharmacological Studies on the Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Efficacies of Commiphora myrrha Resin in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes in Rats: A Preclinical Study

“…Another factor that may lead to type 2 DM is malnutrition (especially deficiency in vitamin D). Vitamin D deficiency has been reported to be associated with insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, cancer, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases [30][31][32].…”

“…Material and Methods. The thirty (30) female adult Sprague Dawley rats were randomly and equally segregated into three sets of experimental groups: group I (normal control): the rats were given an intraperitoneal injection of sodium citrate buffer solution and marked as a normal control group (NCG); group II (diabetic control): the rats were injected with STZ (60 mg/kg body weight (b.w.)) and marked as the diabetic control group (DCG); and group III (MAE treated): the rats were injected with STZ (60 mg/kg b.w.)…”

The impact of vitamin D level on serum lipids in type 2 diabetes mellitus

“…Our results revealed (in our previous report) that the incidence of vitamin D deficiency in T2DM patients was significantly higher than that of controls (range: 1.70-48.40 and 3.00-74.00, respectively). 14 The term "deficiency" for vitamin D may be of the order of ≥20 ng/ml. Its abundance varies with different factors, age and race are among them.…”

“…Measurements of total, free and bioavailable vitamin D, were reported in our previous report. 14 While, serum lipids (total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, VLDL-C and triglycerides were measured by enzymatic colorimetric methods using Clinical Chemistry Auto-analyzer (Mindary, China).…”

“…Results of serum total vitamin D, free vitamin D and bioavailable vitamin D for both, patients and controls, were listed in our previous paper; showing significantly lower total vitamin D in diabetic patients than its level in healthy subjects. 14…”