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In this commentary, we discuss evidence for the phylogenetic affiliations of Tortotubus protuberans, the subject of Martin Smith's 2016 paper in the Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society entitled, ‘Cord‐forming Palaeozoic fungi in terrestrial assemblages’. We agree that the fossilized, branching, somatic filaments probably represent fungal hyphae. We were not convinced by Smith's proposal that T. protuberans represents Dikarya, the clade of fungi that includes most modern moulds, yeasts and mushrooms. To justify classification, Smith relied on structures that are analogous between T. protuberans and modern fungi, and argued ‘that Dikarya can produce the range of morphologies expressed by T. protuberans’. We review available information about homologies of the characteristics of T. protuberans, including mycelial cords, retrograde growth, septal pores and ornamented hyphae. Retrograde growth in T. protuberans is intriguing from an evolutionary developmental point of view, but it differs sufficiently in fine detail when compared with growth patterns in croziers or clamp connections of Dikarya, so that homologies are unclear. Tortotubus protuberans is an important fossil form, but we suggest taking a step back and relating it to the distribution of character evolution through the fungal phylogeny rather than to derived characters of modern taxa.

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In this work, hyaluronic acid (HA)/carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCTs) blend, embedded with definite amount of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), were utilized to mitigate lipid profile and leptin resistance in obese rats. AuNPs were produced through Microwave radiation technique, followed by characterization using the state of art analysis; UV and TEM, Average particle size EDX, XRD and IR. Afterward, 70 male albino rats were divided into two main groups: Group one " n=10 rats " fed healthy diet (negative control). The 2 nd group fed on the high fructose diet (HFD) for 4 weeks to induce hyperlipidemia and obesity. To this end, the 2 nd group is further divided into six sub-groups. The 1 st one (G2) received only HFD (positive control), the 2 nd subgroups (G3) received HFD+CMCTS+HA, the3 rd subgroups (G4) received HFD+ AuNPs, the 4 th ,5 th and 6 th subgroups (G5, G6 and G7) received orally; mixture of both HA and CMCTS in different ratios (3:1; 1:1; 1:3 respectively) embedded all with AuNPs (0.01M), in a dose of 2 mg/kg body weight /day for 4 weeks. The impact of polymers blends with AuNPs on Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Klebsiella pneumonias (K. pneumonia) and Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) (C. albicans) was investigated. Results had the best the anti-bacterial and fungal effect for polymers blends in all ratios with AuNPs than for polymers and AuNPs separately. All treated groups (G3, G4, G5, G6 and G7) decreased leptin and lipid profile parameters levels (Serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), atherogenic indices (Atherogenic Index (AI), Atherogenic Coefficient (AC) and Cardiogenic Risk Ratio (CRR)) compared to HFD group. Moreover, the mixture of HA/CMCTS (1:3) adorned AuNPs was more potent than other used ratios in attenuating various biochemical and histological abnormalities resulted due to obesity metabolic disorders. Furthermore, all treated subgroups disclosed normal histopathological heart muscle structures.

In this current work, hyaluronic acid (HA)/carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCTs) blend, embedded with definite amount of gold nanoparticles AuNPs , are utilized to mitigate diabetic parameters in experimental model of diabetes in rats. AuNPs was produced thru Microwave radiation technique, followed by characterization using state of art analysis; UV and TEM. Afterward, 50 "male albino rats" were divided into two main groups: Group one "n=10 rats" fed on the healthy diet (-ve control). The 2 nd group fed on the high fructose diet (HFD) for 4 weeks to induce diabetes. To this end, the 2 nd group, is further divided into four sub-groups. The 1 st one (G2) received only HFD (+ve control), 2 nd ,3 rd and 4 th subgroups (G3, G4 and G5) received orally; mixture of both HA and CMCTS in different ratios (1:3; 1:1; 3:1 respectively) embedded all with AuNPs (0.01M), in a dose of 2 mg/kg body weight /day for 4 weeks. In addition, the effect of polymers blends with AuNPs on Streptococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and Aspergillus fumigatus was also evaluated. All treated groups (G3, G4, G5) decreased diabetic biomarkers Fasting blood sugar (FBS), fasting insulin, glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1C), "Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)" index; "homeostasis model assessment of βcell function (HOMA-β)" compared with the +ve control. Moreover, the mixture of HA/CMCTS (1:3) adorned AuNPs was more potent than the other used ratios from the polymer combination, in attenuation of diabetic intricacy, however, the antimicrobial activity for all mixture was effective but almost the same. Furthermore, all treated subgroups disclosed normal histopathological pancreatic cell structures.

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