The Torun catalogue of 6.7 GHz methanol masers

Szymczak, M.; Wolak, P.; Bartkiewicz, A.; Borkowski, K. M.

doi:10.1002/asna.201211702

Cited by 59 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Thus, our catalog is also complete -8 -to 2 Jy in the AMGPS area. The completeness of the Torun catalog varies from Galactic longitude, however, Szymczak et al (2012) conclude that all maser sources brighter than 7.5 Jy in the peak were included. So our survey is not complete to 2 Jy for these sources, nor from sources that were from targeted observation towards individual objects.…”

Section: Samplementioning

confidence: 99%

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ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF UC H ii REGIONS AND CLASS II METHANOL MASERS. I. SOURCE CATALOGS

Menten

et al. 2016

ApJ

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122

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We conducted VLA C-configuration observations to measure positions and luminosities of Galactic Class II 6.7 GHz methanol masers and their associated ultra-compact H II regions. The spectral resolution was 3.90625 kHz and the continuum sensitivity reached 45 µJy beam −1 . We mapped 372 methanol masers with peak flux densities of more than 2 Jy selected from the literature, 367 of them were detected. Absolute positions have nominal uncertainties of 0.3 . In this first paper on the data analysis, we present three catalogs, the first gives information on the strongest feature of 367 methanol maser sources, and the second on all detected maser spots. The third catalog present derived data of the 279 radio continuum sources found in the vicinity of maser sources. Among them, 140 show evidence of physical association with maser sources. Our catalogs list properties including distance, flux density, radial velocity and the distribution of masers on the Galactic plane is then provided as well. We found no significant relationship between luminosities of masers and their associated radio continuum counterparts.

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Section: Samplementioning

confidence: 99%

“…-10 - C10 (Caswell & Breen 2010); G10 (Green et al 2010); S14 (Sun et al 2014); SZ12 (Szymczak et al 2012); W97 (Walsh et al 1997); X09 (Xu et al 2009). …”

Section: Methanol Maser Linementioning

confidence: 99%

ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF UC H ii REGIONS AND CLASS II METHANOL MASERS. I. SOURCE CATALOGS

Menten

et al. 2016

ApJ

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122

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“…The yellow triangle is an OH maser (Szymczak & Gérard 2004). The green and purple squares indicate Class I and II CH 3 OH masers (Larionov & Val'tts 2007;Szymczak et al 2012).…”

Section: Radio Continuum and Mid-ir Counterpartsmentioning

confidence: 99%

ATLASGAL-selected massive clumps in the inner Galaxy

Kim

Wyrowski

Urquhart

et al. 2017

A&A

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Aims. Observations of millimeter wavelength radio recombination lines (mm-RRLs) are used to search for Hii regions in an unbiased way that is complementary to many of the more traditional methods previously used (e.g., radio continuum, far-infrared colors, maser emission). The mm-RRLs can be used to derive physical properties of Hii regions and to provide velocity information of ionized gas. Methods. We carried out targeted mm-RRL observations (39 ≤ principal quantum number (n) ≤ 65 and ∆n = 1, 2, 3, and 4, named Hnα, Hnβ, Hnγ, and Hnδ) using the IRAM 30m and Mopra 22m telescopes. In total, we observed 976 compact dust clumps selected from a catalog of ∼10,000 sources identified by the APEX Telescope Large Area Survey of the Galaxy (ATLASGAL). The sample was selected to ensure a representative mix of star-forming and quiescent clumps such that a variety of different evolutionary stages is represented. Approximately half of the clumps are mid-infrared quiet while the other half are mid-infrared bright. Results. We detected Hnα mm-RRL emission toward 178 clumps; Hnβ, Hnγ, and Hnδ were also detected toward 65, 23, and 22 clumps, respectively. This is the largest sample of mm-RRLs detections published to date. Comparing the positions of these clumps with radio continuum surveys we identified compact radio counterparts for 134 clumps, confirming their association with known Hii regions. The nature of the other 44 detections is unclear, but 8 detections are thought to be potentially new Hii regions while the mm-RRL emission from the others may be due to contamination from nearby evolved Hii regions. Broad linewidths are seen toward nine clumps (linewidth > 40 km s −1 ) revealing significant turbulent motions within the ionized gas; in the past, such wide linewidths were found toward very compact and dense Hii regions. We find that the systemic velocity of the associated dense molecular gas, traced by H 13 CO + (1−0), is consistent with the mm-RRL velocities and confirms them as embedded Hii regions. We also find that the linewidth of the H 13 CO + (1−0) emission is significantly wider than those without mm-RRL detection, indicating a physical connection between the embedded Hii region and their natal environments. We also find a correlation between the integrated fluxes of the mm-RRLs and the 6 cm continuum flux densities of their radio counterparts (the correlation coefficient, ρ, is 0.70). By calculating the electron densities we find that the mm-RRL emission is associated with Hii regions with n e <10 5 cm −3 and Hii region diameter > 0.03 pc. Conclusions. We detected mm-RRLs toward 178 clumps and identified eight new Hii region candidates. The broad mm-RRL from nine clumps may indicate that they arise in very young hyper-compact Hii regions. The mm-RRLs trace the radio continuum sources detected by high-resolution observations and their line parameters show associations with the embedded radio sources and their parental molecular clumps.

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“…The singledish data are part of a monitoring programme described in Szymczak et al (2012). The calculated integral fluxes for both instruments are presented in Table 5.…”

Section: Missing Fluxmentioning

confidence: 99%

European VLBI Network imaging of 6.7 GHz methanol masers

Bartkiewicz

Szymczak

Langevelde

2016

A&A

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Context. Methanol masers at 6.7 GHz are well known tracers of high-mass star-forming regions. However, their origin is still not clearly understood. Aims. We aimed to determine the morphology and velocity structure for a large sample of the maser emission with generally lower peak flux densities than those in previous surveys. Methods. Using the European VLBI Network (EVN) we imaged the remaining sources from a sample of sources that were selected from the unbiased survey using the Torun 32 m dish. In this paper we report the results for 17 targets. Together they form a database of a total of 63 source images with high sensitivity (3σ rms = 15−30 mJy beam −1 ), milliarcsecond angular resolution (6−10 mas) and very good spectral resolution (0.09 km s −1 or 0.18 km s −1 ) for detailed studies. Results. We studied in detail the properties of the maser clouds and calculated the mean and median values of the projected size (17.4 ± 1.2 au and 5.5 au, respectively) as well as the FWHM of the line (0.373 ± 0.011 km s −1 and 0.315 km s −1 for the mean and median values, respectively), testing whether it was consistent with Gaussian profile. We also found maser clouds with velocity gradients (71%) that ranged from 0.005 km s −1 au −1 to 0.210 km s −1 au −1 . We tested the kinematic models to explain the observed structures of the 6.7 GHz emission. There were targets where the morphology supported the scenario of a rotating and expanding disk or a bipolar outflow. Comparing the interferometric and single-dish spectra we found that, typically, 50-70% of the flux was missing. This phenomena is not strongly related to the distance of the source. Conclusions. The EVN imaging reveals that in the complete sample of 63 sources the ring-like morphology appeared in 17% of sources, arcs were seen in a further 8%, and the structures were complex in 46% cases. The ultra-compact (UC) H II regions coincide in position in the sky for 13% of the sources. They are related both to extremely high and low luminosity masers from the sample.

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The Torun catalogue of 6.7 GHz methanol masers

Cited by 59 publications

References 41 publications

ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF UC H ii REGIONS AND CLASS II METHANOL MASERS. I. SOURCE CATALOGS

ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF UC H ii REGIONS AND CLASS II METHANOL MASERS. I. SOURCE CATALOGS

ATLASGAL-selected massive clumps in the inner Galaxy

European VLBI Network imaging of 6.7 GHz methanol masers

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