The toll cordons in Norway: an overview

The implementation of road user charging and the lessons learnt: the case of Valletta, Malta

“…There have been a number of schemes that have failed to be implemented such as Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) in Hong Kong (Hau, 1990), congestion metering in Cambridge, UK (Ison et al, 2008), congestion metering in Edinburgh (Gaunt et al, 2006) and more recently New York, USA (Confessore, 2008). On the other hand the number of successfully implemented schemes include the Area Licensing Scheme, later to become the Electronic Road Pricing Scheme in Singapore (May, 2004;Goh, 2002), the road cordon tolls in Oslo, Bergen and Trondheim (Larsen, 1995;Lian, 2008), Congestion Charging in Central London, UK (Richards, 2005) and more recently Stockholm, Sweden (Eliasson, 2009). Several authors have identified critical factors related to the implementation of road user charging schemes based on the experiences in different cities (Ison and Rye, 2005;Palma et al, 2007;Santos, 2005;Jerram, 2008;Gray and Begg, 2001).…”

Congestion pricing scenarios and change of job or residential location: Results of a stated adaptation experiment

“…It is likely that individuals will first consider changing, if anything, those facets of their activitytravel pattern that require least effort, reconsidering their typical, habitual behavior (e.g., Loukopoulos et al, 2004;Albert and Mahalel, 2005;Choo and Mokhtarian, 2005;Shiftan and Golani, 2005). Such change may thus typically involve a change of departure time or route (Larsen, 1995;Goh, 2002). The increase in transportation costs for a comprehensive activity-travel pattern will be limited.…”

The Effectiveness of Private Motorized Trips Indicators in Reducing Car Usage

“…So, congestion pricing was established in 1980s and 1990s to reduce the car usage. Some of these strategies have been successfully performed such as the toll rings in Norway (Larsen, 1995), the Area Licensing Scheme in Singapore (Behbehani et al, 1984), Congestion Pricing in Stockholm (2006) andLondon Congestion Charging (2003). is strategy increases cost of travel by private motorized and encourage people to use other alternative travel modes.…”