The tobacco industry's political efforts to derail the EPA report on ETS

Muggli, Monique E.; Hurt, R. Douglas; Repace, James L.

doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2003.10.015

Cited by 30 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…26 Other such variables are the direct influence on policy makers or administrative staff, based on prospects of future jobs with the corporation, the so-called revolving door, 7 gifts, or, in the instance of elected officials, financial support for their electoral campaigns. 7 Feedback variables that have an impact on the government are an important object of surveillance.…”

Section: Feedback Explaining Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When the hazards of the products cannot be denied, they use administrative or court actions to delay implementation of regulation. 6,[24][25][26] Finally, they shift attention away from the health risks of products by framing the issue in a different way, such as asserting that the users of their products are entitled to their free choice or making it appear that the risks of weakening regulations are preferable to interference by "big government." 27,28 These strategies are not unique to a few industries but rather are shared by corporations across a wide variety of industries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Corporation-induced Diseases, Upstream Epidemiologic Surveillance, and Urban Health

Jahiel

2008

J Urban Health

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Corporation-induced diseases are defined as diseases of consumers, workers, or community residents who have been exposed to disease agents contained in corporate products. To study the epidemiology and to guide expanded surveillance of these diseases, a new analytical framework is proposed. This framework is based on the agent-host-environment model and the upstream multilevel epidemiologic approach and posits an epidemiologic cascade starting with government-sanctioned corporate profit making and ending in a social cost, i.e., harm to population health. Each of the framework's levels addresses a specific level of analysis, including government, corporations, corporate conduits, the environment of the host, and the host. The explained variable at one level is also the explanatory variable at the next lower level. In this way, a causal chain can be followed along the epidemiologic cascade from the site of societal power down to the host. The framework thus describes the pathways by which corporate decisions filter down to disease production in the host and identifies opportunities for epidemiologic surveillance. Since the environment of city dwellers is strongly shaped by corporations that are far upstream and several levels away, the framework has relevance for the study of urban health. Corporations that influence the health of urban populations include developers and financial corporations that determine growth or decay of urban neighborhoods, as well as companies that use strategies based on neighborhood characteristics to sell products that harm consumer health. Epidemiological inquiry and surveillance are necessary at all levels to provide the knowledge needed for action to protect the health of the population. To achieve optimal inquiry and surveillance at the uppermost levels, epidemiologists will have to work with political scientists and other social scientists and to utilize novel sources of information.

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Section: Feedback Explaining Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Corporation-induced Diseases, Upstream Epidemiologic Surveillance, and Urban Health

Jahiel

2008

J Urban Health

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“…Il est clair que les compagnies qui fabriquent des produits avec cette drogue, comme toute compagnie, recherchent l'augmentation de leurs profi ts. Pour ce faire, elles ont entre autres modifi é le produit de manière à en augmenter la pharmacodépendance (<www.library.ucsf.edu/tobacco/> ; Fenn et Schroeter, 2004 ;LeGresley et al, 2005 ;Muggli et al, 2004a ;2004b ;2004c). Par exemple, on augmente les doses de nicotine dans les produits par différentes manipulations chimiques et même génétiques.…”

Section: Contrôle De Leur Compositionunclassified

Une légalisation des drogues inscrite en promotion de la santé : les conditions

Beauchesne

2007

crimino

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La prohibition des drogues accroît les problèmes de santé publique et brime des fondements de la démocratie. Leur légalisation, soutenue par une réglementation appropriée, pourrait faciliter la mise en place d’une politique en matière de drogues, qui appuie un objectif de promotion de la santé dans un cadre démocratique. Dans cet article, nous identifierons les conditions auxquelles l’État doit souscrire afin que la légalisation des drogues soit un outil qui serve cet objectif dans le respect des citoyens.Drug prohibition exacerbates public health problems and weakens the foundations of democracy. The legalisation of drugs, supported by appropriate regulation, could facilitate the introduction of a policy on drugs which would support a health promotion objective within the principles of democracy. In this article, I will discuss the conditions that the State needs to implement for the legalisation of drugs to become a tool that would serve the health promotion objective while respecting its citizens

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“…19 (CIAR has, however, been essentially reconstituted as the Philip Morris External Research Program. 20,21 ) The tobacco indus-try's efforts to subvert scientific conclusions on SHS have been previously described for lung cancer 15,[22][23][24] and sudden infant death syndrome. 25 The tobacco industry used similar strategies to undermine the evidence that SHS causes CVD to fight smoke-free regulations while later developing approaches to support new products that claim to "reduce harm.…”

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confidence: 99%

Tobacco Industry Efforts Undermining Evidence Linking Secondhand Smoke With Cardiovascular Disease

Tong

Glantz

2007

Circulation

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Background-The scientific consensus that secondhand smoke (SHS) increases cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk by 30% is based on epidemiological and biological evidence. The tobacco industry has contested this evidence that SHS causes CVD, but how and why they have done it has not been described. Methods and Results-About 50 million pages of tobacco industry documents were searched using general keywords and names of industry consultants and scientists. Tobacco industry-funded epidemiological analyses of large data sets were used to argue against an epidemiological association between SHS and CVD and smoke-free regulations, but these analyses all suffered from exposure misclassification problems that biased the results toward the null. More recent industry-funded publications report an increased risk of CVD associated with SHS but claim a low magnitude of risk. When early tobacco industry-funded work demonstrated that SHS increased atherosclerosis, the industry criticized the findings and withdrew funding. RJ Reynolds focused on attacking the biological plausibility of the association between SHS and CVD by conducting indirect platelet aggregation studies, exposure chamber experiments, and literature reviews. Although these studies also suffered from exposure misclassification problems, several produced results that were consistent with a direct effect of SHS on blood and vascular function. Instead, RJ Reynolds attributed these results to an unproven epinephrine-related stress response from odor or large smoke exposure, which supported their regulatory and "reduced-harm" product development efforts. Philip Morris' recent "reduced-harm" efforts seem supportive of a similar corporate agenda. Conclusions-The tobacco industry attempted to undermine the evidence that SHS causes CVD to fight smoke-free regulations while developing approaches to support new products that claim to reduce harm. The industry interest in preserving corporate viability has affected the design and interpretation of their cardiovascular studies, indicating the need for great caution in current debates about future tobacco industry regulation and development of reduced-harm tobacco products.

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The tobacco industry's political efforts to derail the EPA report on ETS

Cited by 30 publications

References 27 publications

Corporation-induced Diseases, Upstream Epidemiologic Surveillance, and Urban Health

Corporation-induced Diseases, Upstream Epidemiologic Surveillance, and Urban Health

Une légalisation des drogues inscrite en promotion de la santé : les conditions

Tobacco Industry Efforts Undermining Evidence Linking Secondhand Smoke With Cardiovascular Disease

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