The ˦tiology of the Tsutsugamushi disease and tropical typhus in the Federated Malay States. Part II

Fletcher, William; Lesslar, J. E.; Lewthwaite, R.

doi:10.1016/s0035-9203(29)90849-x

Cited by 28 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…If, according to Havens, this heat-lability is not often met with in American typhus sera, absence of globulin changes is to be suspected as the most likely reason for this additional peculiarity of the American variety of typhus. This would account for Wilson's statement that Mexican typhus sera do not agglutinate U2, an observation which accords with the results shown in Table VIII. The same explanation suggests itself for the difference in reaction to B. agglutinabilis U2 established by Fletcher, Lesslar and Lewthwaite (1929) of the two serological varieties of tropical typhus occurring in the Federated Malay States. They found the agglutination reaction with U2 positive in the urban "W" form of tropical typhus, which corresponds to the X 19 type of B. proteus X, but negative with the rural "K" form of the disease, which is related to the Kingsbury type of B. proteus X. I have failed to confirm the conclusion arrived at by these workers, that the agglutination reaction with U2 affords an additional distinction between the two forms of tropical typhus.…”

Section: Non-specific Stimulation Of Agglutinating Capacity By Hementioning

confidence: 83%

Specific and Non-Specific Serum Reactions in Typhus Fever

Félix

1931

J. Hyg.

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1. In all species of animals tested—rabbit, guinea-pig, chicken and horse—normal agglutinins for B. agglutinabilis U2 are far more abundant than those for B. proteus X 19.2. Human serum reacts in the same manner. Wassermann negative sera have been employed as normal sera. Their reaction in Weltmann's globulin test was also negative.3. Wassermann positive sera from cases of syphilis and sera from lepers give distinctly higher agglutination reactions with U2 than normal human sera. On X 19, however, those sera do not exercise any increased agglutinating action.4. Similar though somewhat stronger reactions with U2 are obtained with typhus sera. However, this reaction is far from being uniformly positive in typhus, while this is the case with the X 19 reaction.5. The discordance between these results and those published by Wilson and by Fletcher, Lesslar and Lewthwaite is due to the failure by these workers to employ controls of suitable type.6. In syphilis and leprous sera high titres of agglutination with U2 coincide with globulin-increase as indicated by the Weltmann reaction.7. The summation effect of the non-specific agglutination by gelatine and the action of specific immune agglutinins, described by Weil, is again demonstrated.8. The combined action of an abundance of preformed normal agglutinins and of augmented serum colloids is suggested as one of the factors involved in increased heterologous agglutination (polyagglutination).9. B. agglutinabilis U2 is a typical representative of “polyagglutinable” organisms; B. proteus X 19, however, is not liable to the action of “polyagglutinating” sera.

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Section: Non-specific Stimulation Of Agglutinating Capacity By Hementioning

confidence: 83%

Specific and Non-Specific Serum Reactions in Typhus Fever

Félix

1931

J. Hyg.

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“…Apparently these authors have used the customary indologenic strain of X 19. In a recent publication, Fletcher, Lesslar and Lewthwaite (1929), discussing the differential diagnosis between scrub typhus and tsutsugamushi disease in the Federated Malay States, state that, A...the agglutination reaction with the non-indologenic strain of B. proteus, known as the Kingsbury strain, also serves to separate scrub-typhus from the tsutsugamushi disease, because the titre of agglutination is far higher in the former than in the latter; at the same time this test shows the close relationship of the two fevers, because tsutsugamushi is the only disease, except scrub-typhus, in which the blood has been found to agglutinate the Kingsbury strain in dilutions higher than 1 in 200...." The highest titre Fletcher found in three out of seven cases was stated to be 1 in 240.…”

Section: Review Of Earlier Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Observations on the Weil-Felix Reaction in Tsutsugamushi Disease

Wolff¹

1931

J. Hyg.

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1. The Weil-Felix reaction in a series of forty-five cases of tsutsugamushi disease (type Schüffner) is recorded.2. The agglutination reaction was negative in fifteen cases, the other thirty showing a positive reaction with the “Kingsbury” strain of B. proteus X.3. The Weil-Felix reaction is not regarded as an adequate method for differentiating tsutsugamushi disease from scrub typhus, since high titres (1 in 1000) occur in a considerable proportion of cases of tsutsugamushi disease.4. In the present state of our knowledge of the two diseases it is recommended that they should be separated according to the presence or absence of a primary ulcer and bubo.

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“…Some of these represent newly recognized agents closely related to O. tsutsugamushi , such as “ Candidatus Orientia chuto” [4]. Although from the early 20th-century, scrub typhus was recognized and reported locally, it was not until the 1920s that the agents of various typhus-like rickettsial diseases began to be clearly differentiated [6,7]. For scrub typhus, this was due in part to the introduction of the Weil–Felix test and particularly to the fortuitous discovery in 1926 of the OX-K (Kingsbury) strain of Proteus mirabilis as a serological antigen [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although from the early 20th-century, scrub typhus was recognized and reported locally, it was not until the 1920s that the agents of various typhus-like rickettsial diseases began to be clearly differentiated [6,7]. For scrub typhus, this was due in part to the introduction of the Weil–Felix test and particularly to the fortuitous discovery in 1926 of the OX-K (Kingsbury) strain of Proteus mirabilis as a serological antigen [6]. This antigen differentiates scrub typhus from typhus cases caused by other rickettsiae (i.e., epidemic or louse-borne typhus, caused by Rickettsia prowazekii, or endemic, murine or shop typhus associated with R. typhi , formerly referred to as R. mooseri ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This antigen differentiates scrub typhus from typhus cases caused by other rickettsiae (i.e., epidemic or louse-borne typhus, caused by Rickettsia prowazekii, or endemic, murine or shop typhus associated with R. typhi , formerly referred to as R. mooseri ). The differentiation occurs because antibodies against OX-K specifically result in agglutination in the presence of antigens in the serum from scrub typhus-convalescent patients [6,8,9]. The use of OX-K provided the first clear indication that scrub typhus could be distinguished serologically as a disease separate from other typhus forms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Origins, Importance and Genetic Stability of the Prototype Strains Gilliam, Karp and Kato of Orientia tsutsugamushi

2019

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Scrub typhus, a chigger-borne febrile illness, occurs primarily in countries of the Asia-Pacific rim and islands of the Western Pacific. The etiologic agent is the obligate intracellular rickettsial bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi. Research on O. tsutsugamushi has relied on the availability of several prototype strains, which were isolated from human cases of scrub typhus in the 1940s and 1950s. We review the history of the three original, and most important, prototype strains, Gilliam, Karp and Kato, including information on their isolation, their culture history, their clinical characteristics, their importance within the research literature on scrub typhus, and recent advances in elucidating their molecular genomics. The importance of these strains to the research and development of clinical tools related to scrub typhus is also considered. Finally, we examine whether the strains have been genetically stable since their isolation, and whether prototype strains maintained in separate laboratories are identical, based on pairwise comparisons of several sequences from four genes. By using genetic information archived in international DNA databases, we show that the prototype strains used by different laboratories are essentially identical, and that the strains have retained their genetic integrity at least since the 1950s. The three original prototype strains should remain a standard by which new diagnostic procedures are measured. Given their fundamental position in any comparative studies, they are likely to endure as a critical part of present and future research on scrub typhus and Orientia.

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The ˦tiology of the Tsutsugamushi disease and tropical typhus in the Federated Malay States. Part II

Cited by 28 publications

References 3 publications

Specific and Non-Specific Serum Reactions in Typhus Fever

Specific and Non-Specific Serum Reactions in Typhus Fever

Observations on the Weil-Felix Reaction in Tsutsugamushi Disease

Origins, Importance and Genetic Stability of the Prototype Strains Gilliam, Karp and Kato of Orientia tsutsugamushi

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