The timing and magnitude of Stroop interference and facilitation in monolinguals and bilinguals

Coderre, Emily L.; Heuven, Walter J. B. van; Conklin, Kathy

doi:10.1017/s1366728912000405

Cited by 61 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…Therefore the patterns of Stroop interference and facilitation effects in a Stroop SOA task for monolinguals replicated previous findings [43], [73]. Similarly, the bilinguals, in both L1 and L2, showed comparable conflict and facilitation patterns as previously reported [43], [57].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

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Electrophysiological Explorations of the Bilingual Advantage: Evidence from a Stroop Task

Coderre

Heuven

2014

PLoS ONE

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Bilinguals have been shown to exhibit a performance advantage on executive control tasks, outperforming their monolingual counterparts. Although a wealth of research has investigated this ‘bilingual advantage’ behaviourally, electrophysiological correlates are lacking. Using EEG with a Stroop task that manipulated the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) of word and colour presentation, the current study addressed two facets of the bilingual advantage. The possibility that bilinguals experience superior conflict processing relative to monolinguals (a ‘conflict-specific advantage’) was investigated by comparing behavioural interference effects as well as the amplitude of the Ninc, a conflict-related ERP component occurring from approximately 300–500 ms after the onset of conflict. In contrast, the hypothesis that bilinguals experience domain-general, conflict-independent enhancements in executive processing (a ‘non-conflict-specific advantage’) was evaluated by comparing the control condition (symbol strings) between groups. There was some significant, but inconsistent, evidence for a conflict-specific bilingual advantage. In contrast, strong evidence emerged for a non-conflict-specific advantage, with bilinguals demonstrating faster RTs and reduced ERP amplitudes on control trials compared to monolinguals. Importantly, when the control stimulus was presented before the colour, ERPs to control trials revealed group differences before the onset of conflict, suggesting differences in the ability to ignore or suppress distracting irrelevant information. This indicates that bilinguals experience superior executive processing even in the absence of conflict and semantic salience, and suggests that the advantage extends to more efficient proactive management of the environment.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Similarly, the bilinguals, in both L1 and L2, showed comparable conflict and facilitation patterns as previously reported [43], [57].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

Electrophysiological Explorations of the Bilingual Advantage: Evidence from a Stroop Task

Coderre

Heuven

2014

PLoS ONE

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“…Prior studies showed that cross-linguistic script similarity could modulate the bilingual advantage in attentional control (e.g., Coderre et al, 2013; Hernández et al, 2013), so it is not clear to what extent this factor contributed to the discrepancy of the findings between the two studies. Also, Tse and Altarriba did not assess their participants' nonverbal intelligence, so their findings could be clouded by the possibility that bilinguals with higher L1/L2 proficiencies tended to have higher nonverbal intelligence, which in turn contributed to their superior attentional control abilities.…”

Section: Evidence For the Role Of Language Proficiency In Conflict Rementioning

confidence: 95%

The relationship between language proficiency and attentional control in Cantonese-English bilingual children: evidence from Simon, Simon switching, and working memory tasks

Tse

Altarriba

2014

Front. Psychol.

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By administering Simon, Simon switching, and operation-span working memory tasks to Cantonese-English bilingual children who varied in their first-language (L1, Cantonese) and second-language (L2, English) proficiencies, as quantified by standardized vocabulary test performance, the current study examined the effects of L1 and L2 proficiency on attentional control performance. Apart from mean performance, we conducted ex-Gaussian analyses to capture the modal and positive-tail components of participants' reaction time distributions in the Simon and Simon switching tasks. Bilinguals' L2 proficiency was associated with higher scores in the operation span task, and a shift of reaction time distributions in incongruent trials, relative to congruent trials (Simon effect in μ), and the tail size of reaction time distributions (τ) regardless of trial types in the Simon task. Bilinguals' L1 proficiency, which was strongly associated with participants' age, showed similar results, except that it was not associated with the Simon effect in μ. In contrast, neither bilinguals' L1 nor L2 proficiency modulated the global switch cost or local switch cost in the Simon switching task. After taking into account potential cognitive maturation by partialling out the participants' age, only (a) scores in the working memory task and (b) RT in incongruent trials and (c) Simon effect in μ in the Simon task could still be predicted by bilinguals' L2 proficiency. Overall, the current findings suggest that bilingual children's L2 proficiency was associated with their conflict resolution and working memory capacity, but not goal maintenance or task-set switching, when they performed the cognitive tasks that demanded attentional control. This was not entirely consistent with the findings of college-age bilinguals reported in previous studies.

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“…At this time, participants' mouse trajectories will deviate toward the incorrect response, indicating that participants are incorrectly attracted by the meaning of the word instead of correctly focusing on the color. Limited by reaction time (RT) measures, previous researchers have used clever manipulations (e.g., stimulus onset asynchronies, SOAs) in order to infer the time course of the Stroop task (e.g., Coderre, Van Heuven, & Conklin, 2013;Roelofs, 2010). When using SOAs, several responses have to be compared in order to understand the timing of the effects.…”

Section: The Bilingual Stroop Taskmentioning

confidence: 99%

The time course of within and between-language interference in bilinguals

Incera

McLennan

2016

International Journal of Bilingualism

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Purpose: Recent research has provided support for linguistic coactivation, the view that the two languages of a bilingual are simultaneously active. Importantly, even if the system is fundamentally nonselective, the two languages of a bilingual can be activated to different degrees. The main contribution of the present paper is to empirically test what "different degrees of activation" really means. Differences could emerge in the timing or the magnitude of language activation. Methodology: Most of the research to date has been based on experiments using reaction times. In the present experiment participants responded to a bilingual Stroop task using a computer mouse. We argue that mouse tracking can provide new insights into the temporal dynamics of cognitive processes. Data and analysis: We used a series of t-tests to analyze participants' mouse trajectories (n = 20). We compared the x-coordinates over time for each of the four experimental conditions (Congruent-Within, Congruent-Between, Incongruent-Within, Incongruent-Between) with the x-coordinates over time for the control trajectory. Findings: Differences in the timing, but not the magnitude, of interference are at the root of the differential effects within and between languages. Within-language interference emerged 80 ms earlier than between-language interference. Originality: To our knowledge, the current experiment is the first to use the dynamic mouse-tracking paradigm to compare the time course of the two languages of a bilingual participant. Implications: The mouse-tracking paradigm can help to distinguish between the timing and the magnitude of interference, informing current theories of the bilingual mind.

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The timing and magnitude of Stroop interference and facilitation in monolinguals and bilinguals

Cited by 61 publications

References 82 publications

Electrophysiological Explorations of the Bilingual Advantage: Evidence from a Stroop Task

Electrophysiological Explorations of the Bilingual Advantage: Evidence from a Stroop Task

The relationship between language proficiency and attentional control in Cantonese-English bilingual children: evidence from Simon, Simon switching, and working memory tasks

The time course of within and between-language interference in bilinguals

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