The thunderstorm-driven diurnal variation of the ELF electromagnetic activity level

Magunia, A.

doi:10.1016/0021-9169(95)00156-5

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The ionosphere ( σ ≈ 10 −4 Sm −1 − 10 −2 Sm −1 ) and the earth's ground ( σ ≈ 10 −3 Sm −1 ) form a natural wave guide with large conductivity boundaries, while the atmosphere in between exhibits a much lower conductivity. This wave‐guide is able to guide the propagation of sferics (e.g., Crombie, 1965; Magunia, 1996; Schlegel & Füllekrug, 1999; Silber et al., 2015; Stuchly, 2009). The attenuation of the propagating VLF electromagnetic waves is a function of the propagation distances and the ionospheric conductivity (Burkholder et al., 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coherency of Lightning Sferics

Bai

Füllekrug

2022

Radio Science

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Lightning discharges are natural phenomena that are able to generate energies up to several GJ (Rakov & Uman, 2006). The transient radio waves emitted by the lightning discharges are called "atmospherics", or "sferics" for short. These electromagnetic waves widely cover the frequency spectrum from ∼1 Hz to ∼300 MHz, with relatively large spectral amplitudes in the extremely low frequency (ELF) range and very low frequency (VLF) range and a relative maximum at ∼10 kHz (e.g., Burke & Jones, 1992;Taylor, 1960;Weidman & Krider, 1986). Another source of VLF electromagnetic waves is radio transmitters (Barr et al., 2000).Lightning discharges fall into two major categories: cloud-to-ground discharges (CGs) and in-cloud discharges (ICs), where the CGs exhibit much larger peak currents compared to the ICs (e.g., Betz et al., 2009;Fiser et al., 2010). Cloud-to-ground discharges can lead to serious hazards and are more relevant to human life than ICs. The peak current of CGs has been studied for the purpose of lightning protection (e.g., Chowdhuri et al., 2005;Schulz et al., 2016;Takami & Okabe, 2007;Visacro, 2004), and existing lightning location networks mainly aim at detecting cloud-to-ground discharges with the time-of-arrival (TOA) technique.The ionosphere (σ ≈ 10 −4 Sm −1 − 10 −2 Sm −1 ) and the earth's ground (σ ≈ 10 −3 Sm −1 ) form a natural wave guide with large conductivity boundaries, while the atmosphere in between exhibits a much lower conductivity. This wave-guide is able to guide the propagation of sferics (e.g.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coherency of Lightning Sferics

Bai

Füllekrug

2022

Radio Science

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“…Extremely low frequency (ELF: 3-3000 Hz) waves have been associated with a range of magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling phenomena as well as meteorological phenomena (Magunia, 1996;Cummer et al, 1998). Heacock (1974), Sentman and Ehring (1994), Wang et al (2005) and Kim et al (2006) have reported ELF emissions/whistlers at much lower frequencies between 40-200 Hz.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiflash whistlers in ELF-band observed at low latitude

Singh

et al. 2011

Ann. Geophys.

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Abstract. Multiflash whistler-like event in the ELF-band, observed during March 1998 at low latitude station Jammu, is reported. The most prominent feature of these events is the multiflash nature along with the decrease in frequency within a very short span of time resembling similar to terrestrial whistlers. The events have a significantly smaller time duration (0.5-3.5 s) than those reported earlier from high, mid and low latitudes and also display a diurnal maximum occurring around 09:30 h (IST). There have been similar reportings from other latitudes, but whistlers in the ELF-band with a multiflash nature along with a precursor emission have never been reported. Lightning seems to be the dominant source for the ELF whistlers reported here.

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“…Presently Schumann resonances are being used to monitor global lightning activity (Heckman et al, 1998;Rycroft et al, 2000), global variability of lightning activity (Satori, 1996;Nickolaenko et al, 1998) and sprite activity (Boccippio et al, 1995;Cummer et al, 1998a;Rycroft et al, 2000). The relations between lightning and ELF noise levels on the global basis have been used to study the space-time dynamics of world-wide lightning activity (Magunia, 1996). Schlegel and Fullekrug (1999) showed that solar proton events cause increases in the frequency, Q-factor and amplitude of the SR modes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%