The three stages of Venezuelan invitations and responses

Abstract

This paper presents empirical research analyzing the politeness strategies used by male and female Venezuelan Spanish Speakers in two role-play situations: inviting and responding to an invitation. When inviting, participants preferred using solidarity over deference politeness strategies, and strategies that would threaten their own and their interlocutor's freedom of action. There were differences between male and female participation. Females were more verbose than males and, in the first two stages of the interaction -making the invitation and responding to the refusal -more deferential. They only showed solidarity when parting. Males, on the other hand, were deferential only when making the invitation, but showed solidarity -read 'became aggressive' -upon receiving the refusal and when parting. Unlike what happened when inviting, when responding to the invitation participants were highly deferential. This time, however, males were more deferential than females. These instead struck more balance between being deferential and friendly. Once more, participants preferred strategies that would curtail their own and their interlocutor's freedom of action, rather than those that would express disapproval of themselves and/or the interlocutor. The results from this research show that Venezuelans -at least those that participated in this study -belong to a positive politeness culture where the preferred rules of rapport are: 1. Be friendly; and 2. Impose, in that order.

An Intercultural Communication Study of Chinese and Malaysian University Students’ Refusal to Invitation

“…The findings were in line with the findings of the previous studies with data elicited from role-play which displayed that expressions of reasons and explanations is the most frequently used strategy for expressing a refusal indirectly (Felix-Brasdefer, 2003, Garcia, 1999, Nelson, 2002, Al-Issa, 2003, Al-Eryani, 2007, Al-Kahtani, 2005. Moreover, the findings of this study were in line with the findings of refusal studies on Malaysian students (Farnia andAbdul Sattar, 2010, Abdul Sattar, Salasiah Chel Lah, andRaja Rozina, 2010) in which statement of regret followed by excuses, reasons or explanations were the most frequently used strategy among Malaysian respondents.…”

Cortesía en español: negociación de face e identidad en discursos académicos

“…En un gran número de trabajos sobre la cortesía en español se analizan actos de habla que pueden dar lugar a situaciones en las cuales la imagen social de los interlocutores se vea 16 Para una revisión más actualizada y orientada a la pragmática sociocultural, veáse Bravo (2012 Rahim, 1998), las invitaciones (cf. García, 1992bGarcía, , 1999, las reprimendas (cf.…”

Cancelar una cita como estrategia de rechazo postergado: resultados e implicaciones didácticas de un estudio transcultural

“…Varios de estos trabajos se han concentrado en el estudio de este acto en el inglés (por ejemplo, Bardovi--Harlig & Hartford, 1991) y han comparado el inglés americano con otras lenguas (por ejemplo, con el japonés Beebe, Tomoko, & Uliss--Weltz, 1990; con el chino mandarín Liao & Bresnahan, 1996; con el árabe egipcio Nelson, Carson, Al Batal, & El Bakary, 2002;con el español americano Félix--Brasdefer, 2003). Otros han analizado este acto en algunas variedades del español como, por ejemplo, el peruano (García, 1992), el venezolano (García, 1999) y el mexicano (Félix--Brasdefer, 2006).…”