The Third Plague Pandemic in Europe

Bramanti, Barbara; Dean, Katharine R.; Walløe, Lars; Stenseth, Nils Christian

doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.2429

Cited by 65 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 53 publications

(113 reference statements)

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“…Over the course of history, humanity has faced a plethora of deadly diseases. From smallpox and the bubonic plague, to AIDS and Ebola, the human race is no stranger to global pandemics [16][17][18]. As medicine and science advanced, pandemics became less frequent and mortality rates better controlled.…”

Section: Number Of Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Bibliometric Analysis of COVID-19 Research Activity: A Call for Increased Output

Chahrour¹,

Assi²,

Bejjani³

et al. 2020

Cureus

247

214

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Section: Number Of Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Bibliometric Analysis of COVID-19 Research Activity: A Call for Increased Output

Chahrour¹,

Assi²,

Bejjani³

et al. 2020

Cureus

247

214

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“…Historically, one can point to several epidemics, including the plague of 1347-1351, which killed over 25 million people. The most recent recurrence of the plague took place between 1855 and 1859, when it was called the "third great plague pandemic" [1]. Smallpox, on the other hand, between 1520 and 1979, killed 56 million people.…”

Section: Epidemic Versus Pandemicmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 challenge for modern medicine

et al. 2020

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Coronaviruses cause disease in animals and people around the world. Human coronaviruses (HCoV) are mainly known to cause infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract but the symptoms may also involve the nervous and digestive systems. Since the beginning of December 2019, there has been an epidemic of SARS-CoV-2, which was originally referred to as 2019-nCoV. The most common symptoms are fever and cough, fatigue, sputum production, dyspnea, myalgia, arthralgia or sore throat, headache, nausea, vomiting or diarrhea (30%). The best prevention is to avoid exposure. In addition, contact persons should be subjected to mandatory quarantine. COVID-19 patients should be treated in specialist centers. A significant number of patients with pneumonia require passive oxygen therapy. Non-invasive ventilation and high-flow nasal oxygen therapy can be applied in mild and moderate non-hypercapnia cases. A lung-saving ventilation strategy must be implemented in acute respiratory distress syndrome and mechanically ventilated patients. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is a highly specialized method, available only in selected centers and not applicable to a significant number of cases. Specific pharmacological treatment for COVID-19 is not currently available. Modern medicine is gearing up to fight the new coronavirus pandemic. The key is a holistic approach to the patient including, primarily, the use of personal protective equipment to reduce the risk of further virus transmission, as well as patient management, which consists in both quarantine and, in the absence of specific pharmacological therapy, symptomatic treatment. (Cardiol J 2020; 27, 2: 175-183)

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“…Xenopsylla cheopis and X. brasiliensis have played role in the past and recent plague outbreaks due to their overwhelming e ciency and broad host preference. 4 Several studies suggest that, the human ea, Pulex irritants, may be playing an important role in human-to-human transmission during plague outbreaks [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indiscriminate use of agro-veterinary pesticides in plague endemic foci in Tanzania: potential risk for development of insecticide resistance in flea vectors

Rugalema

Mnyone

2020

Preprint

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Background: Agro-veterinary pesticides are increasingly associated with the development of resistance in arthropod disease vectors. However, no has been conducted so far to assess such risk in flea vectors despite the indiscriminate use of pesticides in plague endemic foci in Tanzania.Methods: We identified risk factors associated with the use of agro-veterinary pesticides, which could enhance development of resistance in flea vectors in two plague endemic districts, using structured questionnaire and direct observations.Results: Excessive and injudicious use of agricultural and veterinary pesticides was common in both Lushoto and Mbulu district. Most farmers (80%, n=73) were applying agricultural pesticides over three times per cropping season, did not adhere to manufacturers recommended doses, and had limited or no knowledge on safety procedures and adverse effects associated with pesticides. Up to 49% were applying pesticides more than twice the recommended doses. About 91% of respondents in Lushoto and 93% respondents in Mbulu reported using agricultural pesticides. The three (3) out of fourteen (14) most commonly used agricultural pesticides in Lushoto were master kinga72WP (mancozeb 640g/kg+cymoxanil 80g/kg) (44%), suracron720EC (profenos 500g/l EC) (25.3%) and Sumo 5EC (lambda-cyhalothrin) (18.7%). The three (3) out of seventeen (17) most commonly used agricultural pesticides in Mbulu were Dursban50W (Chlorpyrifos) (29%), Duduban 450EC (Cypermethrin 10g/lt+chloropyrifos 35g/lt) (18%) and Dursban+farmerzeb (Chlorpyrifos 48%, Mancozeb 80%WP). Cybadip (Cypermethrin) (≥45%) and paranex (alphacypermethrin) (≥13%) were the most commonly used livestock pesticides.Conclusion: This study identified injudicious uses and/or other malpractices, which enhance contamination of environments/surfaces with pesticides and consequently the exposure of flea vectors. Therefore, the flea vector populations in Lushoto and Mbulu districts are putatively under high risk of resistance development. Further studies are underway to confirm the insecticide resistance status, unravel distribution of the resistance, and involved resistance mechanisms.

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The Third Plague Pandemic in Europe

Cited by 65 publications

References 53 publications

A Bibliometric Analysis of COVID-19 Research Activity: A Call for Increased Output

A Bibliometric Analysis of COVID-19 Research Activity: A Call for Increased Output

COVID-19 challenge for modern medicine

Indiscriminate use of agro-veterinary pesticides in plague endemic foci in Tanzania: potential risk for development of insecticide resistance in flea vectors

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