The thermogravimetry and pyrolysis of date stones

Pyrolysis of Mixed Date Stones and Pistachio Shells: Identification of Bio‐Oil and Utilization of Bio‐Char as Activated Carbon Precursor

“…The peak seen at 1,413–1,361 9–1407 cm −1 are attributed to the C−H and aliphatic C−H stretching vibrations as a result of the presence of CH 3 and phenolic compounds [7] . The peak at 1,037 cm −1 relates to C−O stretching vibration, signifying the occurrence of ROR and RC=O−OR [40] . The adsorption bands in the range of 993 cm −1 and 634 cm −1 ascribed with O−H bending vibrations established the occurrence of mono and polycyclic substituted aromatics groups [45] .…”

“…These outcomes suggested that the presence of DS in the pyrolysis mixture was in charge of increasing the liquid yield in the blend, and the reason could be attributed to the chemical composition of DS (ultimate and component analysis, Table 1), in particular the component analysis, which showed that the DS had a higher yield of extractives than PS. It is well‐known that the DS comprises oils, fibers, protein, and sugar [40] . Upon pyrolysis, these components will release greater amounts of volatile materials and thus increases the yield of the produced condensable volatile products.…”

“…[7] The peak at 1,037 cm À 1 relates to CÀ O stretching vibration, signifying the occurrence of ROR and RC=OÀ OR. [40] The adsorption bands in the range of 993 cm À 1 and 634 cm À 1 ascribed with OÀ H bending vibrations established the occurrence of mono and polycyclic substituted aromatics groups. [45] The observed absorption bands were also announced for other BO samples from pine sawdust [30] wild mustard seed, [36] neem seed, [7] and Jatropha seeds.…”

“…It is well-known that the DS comprises oils, fibers, protein, and sugar. [40] Upon pyrolysis, these components will release greater amounts of volatile materials and thus increases the yield of the produced condensable volatile products. As such, co-pyrolysis of mixed biowastes could enhance the outcome of the produced liquid.…”

Thermogravimetric investigation and thermal conversion kinetics of typical North African and Middle Eastern lignocellulosic wastes

“…Wastes of palm trees, which are produced in huge amounts in North Africa and the Middle East, have proved to be excellent biofuels (Hamada et al 2002). Haimour and Emeish (2006) found that date stones constitute approximately 10% of the fruit's weight, while Al-Badri and Lafta (1989) found that about 14% of the fruit's weight is waste material. Adapted from a number of literature references according to Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) to agricultural services, carbohydrates are the major components of date stones (Barreveld 1993).…”