Thermal pyrolysis of mixed date stones and pistachio shells in a semi‐batch reactor was addressed in this study. The highest yield of liquids (51.20 %) was produced at 500 °C, 90 min, 20 °C/min heating rate, and 50 mesh particle size. Under these conditions, yield of liquid from date stones and pistachio shells separately was 49.12 % and 47.67 %, respectively. The FT‐IR results confirmed the presence of multiple oxygen‐containing compounds in the bio‐oil. Results from GC–MS declared that it was predominately composed of acids (57.57 %), esters (21.35 %), phenols (4.63 5), and alcohols (3.49 5). The obtained biochar was transformed into activated carbon (AC) by the optimized ZnCl2 activation method. The ideal AC was synthesized at 600 °C for 60 min using a 2 : 1 ZnCl2: biochar impregnation ratio. FESEM and XRD measurements showed that the AC was amorphous. The prepared AC was effective in eliminating dibenzothiophene (DBT) from model fuel (200 ppm DBT/hexane) with a maximum performance 95.26 % at 40 °C for 1h using 0.35 g of the AC. The exhausted AC was regenerated and reutilized 4 times, and removal efficiency reached 88.23 % in the 4th cycle under ideal working conditions.

Wheat is the food of the era and every era that has passed and every era will come and the need for it increases and worsens annually with the high population growth rate in developing countries, including Iraq, so the research aims to study a comparative study of technical efficiency (TE) and economic efficiency (EE) of wheat in Nineveh governorate for the 2019-agricultural season. 2020) as well as achieving growth in the total productivity (TFP) of the effective inputs involved in the production process for a number of (60) farms, Both technical and specialized competence was estimated and then access to economic efficiency, where the estimation of these two efficiencies was made using the DEAP data envelope method with input directive assuming constant volume returns to the capacity of the CRS, and from which it was found that the average technical efficiency reached (0.735) and the average economic efficiency reached (0.575). And that the full technical efficiency has been achieved at a rate of 26.66% and the remaining 83.14% has been distributed between less than 100% and more than 20%, and this is a large percentage indicating the farmers’ negligence in using economic resources efficiently. Less than 100% and more than 20%, and this indicates that there is a waste in the resources used, As for economic efficiency, it has been achieved at a rate of 21.8% and the rest is 89.4% distributed between 100% and more than 20% and this percentage is large and the reason for this is the high production costs of the resources used because of the high prices, which led to a decrease in Allocative efficiency, which was reflected in the economic efficiency, as for the total productivity. (TFP) The analysis was done using the Malquist Productivity Index, and from it it was found that (TFP) lies between a maximum of (0.992) for farm No. (14) and a minimum of (0.301) for farm No. (42), while the average total productivity of a farmer reached (0.688). It is the result of the great effect of the change in technical efficiency (TEC), which reached (1,000) and the technical change that reached (0.688). Therefore, the research recommends increasing the unit area for this crop by using effective resources in the quantities recommended by specialists after carefully studying the properties of the soil and the extent of its needs for those resources.

The study aimed to estimate the effect of the time period of fattening on the weight efficiency of calves, as the study relied to achieve its objectives on the quantitative economic analysis in addition to the descriptive economic analysis. Through the preliminary data obtained from the paragraphs of the questionnaire form that was prepared and designed by the researcher specifically for the random sample that included (12) fields that included (645) local calves and included 20% of the research community. The research used mathematical methods to obtain the desired results from the research. The study dealt with a group of fields in the north of Nineveh Governorate during the productive year 2021. The results indicated that there is a direct relationship and positive between the fattening period and the daily and total weight rates to a certain extent because it is subject to the law of diminishing yields. As it was shown from the results that the maximum fattening period for fattening reaches (240) days and after this period the law of diminishing yields begins to work and the economic returns (profits) decrease. The researcher suggests not to sell and the marketing of fattened animals only after reaching 6 months (180) fattening days as a minimum and 8 months (240) fattening days as a maximum, taking into consideration the other economic factors and variables involved in the fattening process.