“…While less relevant to this review, it is worth mentioning a small set of studies that have used MECs as an independent variable, leading to findings that MECs led to improved communication and heightened self-perception in a music therapy context (Lee, 2008), as also hypothesised by Tihanyi (2016), had no effect on memory performance as measured by image recall (Carr & Rickard, 2016) or on craving reduction in abstinent individuals with alcohol use disorder 2009), Fukui and Toyoshima (2013), Participant-vs. experimenter-selected music Benedek and Kaernbach (2011), Carr and Rickard (2016), Craig (2005), Grewe et al (2007), Mas-Herrero et al (2014), Nagel et al (2008), Panksepp (1995), Quesnel and Riecke (2018), Rickard (2004), Weth et al (2015), Wassiliwizky, Koelsch, et al (2017) Participant-selected vs. other participants' music Blood and Zatorre (2001), Laeng et al (2016), Mori and Iwanaga (2014b), Mori and Iwanaga (2015), Mori and Iwanaga (2017) Table 2: Experimental paradigms used in research on music-evoked chills (Mathis & Han, 2017), had an effect on gait, as seen by increased cadence and stride length, and reduced stride time (Park et al, 2019), did not improve mood or increase generosity, helpfulness, or prosocial behaviour (Konečni et al, 2007), but contradictorily, did promote altruistic behaviour (Fukui & Toyoshima, 2014). Three devices have also been designed in an attempt to induce chills, through electrostatic force (Fukushima & Kajimoto, 2012) or coldness (Ishikawa et al, 2019;, with the purpose of enhancing emotional experiences.…”