The therapeutic implications of supervision.

Therapists' personal therapy and professional self-awareness.

“…Among therapists in general, opinion as to the necessity and value of personal therapy for helpers is more divided. Many counselors view basic personal maturity, self-exploratory activities, and supervision as sufficiently facilitative of therapist self-awareness and personal strength as to make personal therapy unnecessary (Altucher, 1967; Appell, 1963; Burgum et al, 1959; Coleman, 1946; Leader, 1970; Mowrer, 1951; Mueller & Kell, 1972; Sanderson, 1954; Truax & Carkhuff, 1967; Watkins, 1983; Wolberg, 1977). It is apparent, however, that among psychologists at least, most of those who do therapy have received therapy.…”

Ethical issues in supervision.

“…Whereas Cohen and DeBetz (1977) have recommended that the supervisor should be responsive to the expressed and demonstrated needs of the supervisee, Chessick (1971) suggests that the anxiety level of the supervisee should help the supervisor to determine to what extent the relationship should be purely didactic or should in-clude consideration of the unconscious processes interfering with the supervisee's clinical work. Burgum, Durkin, and Gondor (1959) have recommended a cautious approach whereby only problems that are manifest in the supervisory relationship and immediately relevant data should be included. Similarly, Shapiro, Pinsker, and Bueno (1973) suggest that unconscious attitudes of the supervisee may be considered during psychotherapy supervision and problems within the context of supervision may be identified; but therapeutic assistance with such issues should not be part of the supervisory process.…”

“…Burgum, Durkin, and Gondor (1959) have recommended a cautious approach whereby only problems that are manifest in the supervisory relationship and immediately relevant data should be included. Similarly, Shapiro, Pinsker, and Bueno (1973) suggest that unconscious attitudes of the supervisee may be considered during psychotherapy supervision and problems within the context of supervision may be identified; but therapeutic assistance with such issues should not be part of the supervisory process.…”