The theory of electromagnetic waves in a simple anisotropic medium

Clemmow, P. C.

doi:10.1049/piee.1963.0015

Cited by 56 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 4 publications

(2 reference statements)

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“…In typical control source method a horizontal electric dipole antenna is towed by a surface vessel at a short distance 30m above from the sea floor [5][6][7]. Dipole antenna transmits very low frequency electromagnetic waves with frequency ranges from 0.25Hz-10Hz due to low frequency transmitted energy propagates down through the subsurface [8][9][10]. Low frequency electromagnetic waves attenuate more in the conductive layer and less in the resistance layer due to the skin depth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling of Antenna for Deep Target Hydrocarbon Exploration

Nasir

Yahya

Zaid

et al. 2017

JMEST

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Nowadays control source electromagnetic method is used for offshore hydrocarbon exploration. Hydrocarbon detection in sea bed logging (SBL) is a very challenging task for deep target hydrocarbon reservoir. Response of electromagnetic (EM) field from marine environment is very low and it is very difficult to predict deep target reservoir below 2km from the sea floor. This work premise deals with modeling of new antenna for deep water deep target hydrocarbon exploration. Conventional and new EM antennas at 0.125Hz frequency are used in modeling for the detection of deep target hydrocarbon reservoir. The proposed area of the seabed model (40km ´ 40km) was simulated by using CST (computer simulation technology) EM studio based on Finite Integration Method (FIM). Electromagnetic field components were compared at 500m target depth and it was concluded that Ex and Hz components shows better resistivity contrast. Comparison of conventional and new antenna for different target depths was done in our proposed model. From the results, it was observed that conventional antenna at 0.125Hz shows 70% ,86% resistivity contrast at target depth of 1000m where as new antenna showed 329%, 355% resistivity contrast at the same target depth for Ex and Hz field respectively. It was also investigated that at frequency of0.125Hz, new antenna gave 46% better delineation of hydrocarbon at 4000m target depth. This is due to focusing of electromagnetic waves by using new antenna. New antenna design gave 125% more extra depth than straight antenna for deep target hydrocarbon detection. Numerical modeling for straight and new antenna was also done to know general equation for electromagnetic field behavior with target depth. From this numerical model it was speculated that this new antenna can detect up to 4.5 km target depth. This new EM antenna may open new frontiers for oil and gas industry for the detection of deep target hydrocarbon reservoir (HC).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling of Antenna for Deep Target Hydrocarbon Exploration

Nasir

Yahya

Zaid

et al. 2017

JMEST

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“…Some of the studies on the propagation of electromagnetic waves in homogeneous uniaxial media are given in [1][2][3][4]. In [1], using some coordinate variable transformations in Maxwell's equations, equivalence is established between TM z electromagnetic waves in electrically uniaxial media and TM z waves in isotropic media. A similar equivalence is built for TE z electromagnetic waves.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simple Relations Between a Uniaxial Medium and an Isotropic Medium

Sen¹

2014

PIER B

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Abstract-In this article, in a simple way, simple relations are derived between the electric field components of an electrically uniaxial medium and those of an isotropic medium. The permittivity of the isotropic medium is the same as the permittivity of the uniaxial medium that is common to the axes transverse to the optic axis. Using the spectral representation, the vector wave equation for the electric field intensity vector of the uniaxial medium is solved for the x directed, y directed and z directed point sources. For the x directed and y directed point sources, the electric field components transverse to the optic axis are written in terms of the corresponding components of the isotropic medium plus some other terms. Part of these terms are closed forms expressions, and the rest are Sommerfeld type integrals. Elements of each group are related to each other by coordinate transformations. The electric field components parallel to the optic axis are shown to be obtained from the isotropic medium components using coordinate transformations. The relations between the uniaxial medium and isotropic medium field components are verified by comparing the results of a previous study in the literature to the results obtained using the relations in this study. Good agreement is achieved between these results.

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“…Incident transmitted and reflected transverse electric field components of electromagnetic waves are given in Eqs. (9,10). / 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 cos cos cos cos…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Frequency on Hydrocarbon (HC) Detection Using 3D Finite Integral Modeling

Daud

Akhtar

Yahya

et al. 2012

DDF

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Abstract. Detection of hydrocarbon in sea bed logging (SBL) is still a very challenging task for deep target reservoirs. The response of electromagnetic (EM) field from marine environment is very low and it is very difficult to predict deep target reservoirs below 2500 m from the sea floor. Straight antennas at 0.125 Hz and 0.0625 Hz are used for the detection of deep target hydrocarbon reservoirs below the seafloor. The finite integration method (FIM) is applied on 3D geological seabed models. The proposed area of the seabed model (16 km ×16 km) was simulated by using CST (computer simulation technology) EM studio. The comparison of different frequencies for different target depths was done in our proposed model. Total electric and magnetic fields were applied instead of scattered electric and magnetic fields, due to its accurate and precise measurements of resistivity contrast at the target depth up to 3000 m. From the results, it was observed that straight antenna at 0.0625 Hz shows 50.11% resistivity contrast at target depth of 1000 m whereas straight antenna at 0.125 Hz showed 42.30% resistivity contrast at the same target depth for the E-field. It was found that the E-field response decreased as the target depth increased gradually by 500 m from 1000 m to 3000 m at different values of frequencies with constant current (1250 A). It was also investigated that at frequency of 0.0625 Hz, straight antenna gave 7.10% better delineation of hydrocarbon at 3000 m target depth. It was speculated that an antenna at 0.0625 Hz may be able to detect hydrocarbon reservoirs at 4000 m target depth below the seafloor. This EM antenna may open a new frontier for oil and gas industry for the detection of deep target hydrocarbon reservoirs below the seafloor.

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The theory of electromagnetic waves in a simple anisotropic medium

Cited by 56 publications

References 4 publications

Modeling of Antenna for Deep Target Hydrocarbon Exploration

Modeling of Antenna for Deep Target Hydrocarbon Exploration

Simple Relations Between a Uniaxial Medium and an Isotropic Medium

Effect of Frequency on Hydrocarbon (HC) Detection Using 3D Finite Integral Modeling

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