The thematic apperception test. I. Effect of recent experience. II. Some quantitative observations

The projective expression of needs. IV. The effect of the need for achievement on thematic apperception.

“…Granted that n Achievement was aroused by the instructions, it further seems reasonable to suppose that failure-frustration would lead to a heightened need. Although this assumption is supported by experimental evidence (8) and by the deprivation 7 Since these instructions are also the ones commonly called 'ego-involving' by other workers in the field (cf, i), it is apparent the authors believe that ego-involvement and n Achievement arousal are the same thing under certain conditions. method of arousing physiological drives, we recognize that it may complicate the resulting picture here.…”

“…Since these terms define what is commonly meant by the striving for success or n Achievement, if the instructions and the tests were such as to arouse these feelings, then by definition n Achievement was aroused in the failure and success-failure groups. 7 And it does seem reasonable to assume that the attainment of high intelligence and leadership as suggested in the instructions are two goals which in our society would lead to the feelings mentioned.…”

Subjects' descriptions of selected TAT cards via the semantic differential.

“…In addition to interpretive methods based on subjective appraisals of the TAT cards, studies have reported on mood and emotional tone (Coleman, 1947;Eron, 1948;Eron, Terry, & Callahan, 1950;Garfield & Eron, 1948;Lebo, 1955) frequency of themes (Eron, 1948;Rosenzweig & Flemming, 1949) and identification of persons and objects in the cards (Eron, 1950;Rosenzweig & Flemming, 1949). While some support has been obtained for clinically derived assumptions regarding the stimulus properties of the cards, there have also been frequent contradictions.…”

The influence of a superficial immediately preceding "set" upon responses to the Rorschach.

“…Contrariwise, verification of the hypothesis reinforces the validity of the test. It is of interest that Coleman [7] used a very similar hypothesis in attempting to check the extent to which immediatly previous experiences were reflected in the TAT. He points out that if the test's clinical use is to provide a measure of the patient's basic personality, the TAT should not be subject to day-by-day fluctuation.…”