The projective expression of needs. IV. The effect of the need for achievement on thematic apperception.

McClelland, David C.; Clark, Russell A.; Roby, Thornton B.; Atkinson, John W.

doi:10.1037/h0062969

Cited by 133 publications

(110 citation statements)

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“…The concept of need for achievement (nAch) was formulated in the 1950s (McClelland, Clark, Roby, & Atkinson 1958). McClelland and his colleagues argued that high-nAch people are more likely than low-nAch people to engage in energetic and innovative activities that require planning for the future and entail an individual's responsibility for task outcomes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship of Achievement Motivation to Entrepreneurial Behavior: A Meta-Analysis

Collins¹,

Hanges²,

Locke³

2004

Human Performance

526

405

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Entrepreneurship is a major factor in the national economy; thus, it is important to understand the motivational characteristics spurring people to become entrepreneurs and why some are more successful than others. In this study, we conducted a meta-analysis of the relationship between achievement motivation and variables associated with entrepreneurial behavior. We found that achievement motivation was significantly correlated with both choice of an entrepreneurial career and entrepreneurial performance. Further, we found that both projective and self-report measures of achievement motivation were valid. Finally, known group studies yielded a higher validity coefficient than did individual difference studies.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship of Achievement Motivation to Entrepreneurial Behavior: A Meta-Analysis

Collins¹,

Hanges²,

Locke³

2004

Human Performance

526

405

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“…Previous research indicated that needs influence the content of people's thoughts and mental images (McClelland, Clark, Roby, & Atkinson, 1949). For example, as hunger increased, people were more likely to generate stories where food was the central theme and where the need for food was mentioned (Atkinson & McClelland, 1948).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Positive fantasies about idealized futures sap energy

Barry¹,

Oettingen²

2011

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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Positive fantasies allow people to mentally indulge in a desired future. Whereas previous research found that spontaneously generated positive fantasies about the future predict poor achievement, we examined the effect of experimentally induced positive fantasies about the future. The present four experiments identify low energy, measured by physiological and behavioral indicators, as a mechanism by which positive fantasies translate into poor achievement. Induced positive fantasies resulted in less energy than fantasies that questioned the desired future (Study 1), negative fantasies (Study 2), or neutral fantasies (Study 3).Additionally, positive fantasies yielded a larger decrease in energy when they pertained to a more rather than a less pressing need (Study 4). Results indicate that one reason positive fantasies predict poor achievement is because they do not generate energy to pursue the desired future.Keywords: Fantasy about the future, Performance, Motivation, Energization, Positive thinking Positive fantasies about idealized futures sap energyAre job-seekers more likely to find work if they visualize themselves as future CEOs, or question whether they really will attain the ideal position? Do lovesick teens realize more romantic success when they picture themselves walking down the aisle toward their crush, or imagine themselves awkwardly stuttering as they invite him on a study date? Although it is tempting to believe that simple positive visions engender actual success, research finds something different. Specifically, fantasies that are experienced as positive -those that depict an idealized version of future events -are associated with poor achievement (Oettingen & Mayer, 2002;Oettingen & Wadden, 1991; see also Showers, 1992;Spencer & Norem, 1996).The studies reported here investigate a motivational variable that may elucidate these findings: the energy to pursue the desired future. Positive fantasies about the futurePositive fantasies about the future are positively experienced mental images of future desired events that emerge in the stream of thought (Klinger, 1990(Klinger, , 1996Oettingen & Mayer, 2002). They depict an idealized version of the future that may include the attainment of desired future outcomes, as well as smooth, idealized processes of working toward these outcomes. In such positive fantasies, people hardly question whether a desired future can be achieved, nor do they imagine that the path to the desired future may contain obstacles, setbacks, pain, or effort (Oettingen & Mayer, 2002, Study 4). Importantly, idealized does not necessarily refer to an unrealistic version of the future. Rather, idealized positive fantasies about the future depict the best and most wonderful form of the future, which may be realistic or unrealistic. As images that emerge in the stream of thought, fantasies are mute to the realism of their content. Positive fantasies and achievementPositive fantasies that idealize the future are found to be inversely related to achievement over time: the more ...

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“…La première visait à mesurer la relation entre l'utilisation de la programmation Logo et le développement de l'attitude de prise en charge de l'enfant en difficulté d'apprentissage (degré d'achievement). Le degré d'attitude de prise en charge fut mesuré par le "n Ach Achievement Test", conçu par McClelland et aL (1949). Les cinq autres voulaient vérifier si l'utilisation de la programmation Logo accroît le développement de chacune des composantes du processus de prise en charge en milieu scolaire.…”

Section: Resumeunclassified

L influence de la programmation Logo sur le developpement de l habilete de prise en charge chez les enfants en difficulte d apprentissage scolaire

Gagné¹

1988

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The projective expression of needs. IV. The effect of the need for achievement on thematic apperception.

Cited by 133 publications

References 10 publications

The Relationship of Achievement Motivation to Entrepreneurial Behavior: A Meta-Analysis

The Relationship of Achievement Motivation to Entrepreneurial Behavior: A Meta-Analysis

Positive fantasies about idealized futures sap energy

L influence de la programmation Logo sur le developpement de l habilete de prise en charge chez les enfants en difficulte d apprentissage scolaire

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