The texture of melt crystallized polyethylene as revealed by selective oxidation

Palmer, R. P.; Cobbold, A. J.

doi:10.1016/0032-3861(64)90166-1

Polymer

1964

DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(64)90166-1

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The texture of melt crystallized polyethylene as revealed by selective oxidation

R. P. Palmer¹,

A. J. Cobbold²

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“…4 | AMINOLYSIS OF PET FOR STRUCTURE AND MORPHOLOGY DETERMINATIONDuring the 1960s, researchers have become interested in determining the arrangement of ordered and disordered forms of macromolecules in natural and synthetic polymers. Indeed, in 1964 the crystalline morphology of linear polyethylene was examined by selective oxidation with fuming nitric acid for its preferential attack on the links between the lamellar crystals 106,107. It was thought that when the polymer was used in solid form in a reaction disordered or amorphous regions might react faster with certain chemicals like amines, where their products with amines were known.…”

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Aminolysis of polyesters for cracking and structure clarifying: A review

Rabiei

Kish

2022

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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Cracking of polyester bottles and recycling the waste, which is of concern in the current research works have their roots in the environmental stress cracking and the physical structural analysis, which has been the subject of a huge number of research reports, that are collected in the present review. Polyesters are polymers of high importance in industry and academia, and amines are versatile chemicals that are used for different purposes. The reaction of polyester with amines has been used to reveal structure, improve the properties of products, convert polyesters waste into benign materials, enhance biocompatibility, and so on. The research works reported on the aminolysis of polyesters (PET, PCL, PLA, PTT, PBT, PHB, PEN, PEA) for structure and morphological determination, etching, and stress cracking are critically reviewed. The chemistry and mechanism of the reactions of aminolysis of an ester or a polyester are well documented, and a vast amount of useful information is available. There is a need for further research to answer the remaining questions on the intermediates. Solutions of amines act as environmental stress‐cracking agents, may induce crystallization, and probably it can dissolve and remove a certain amount of disordered regions as well. In the subject of stress cracking that can help the elucidation of the process of aging, it is not yet clear how cracks patterns and sizes (from nano up to micro size) observed on the surface of polyester products depend on the thermal and mechanical history of the samples, and it is not known how to produce cracked patterns according to a pre‐planned design on the surfaces of polyester articles. To make polyesters more useful and safe the structure must be revealed in order to get benefit from the structure–property relations.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Aminolysis of polyesters for cracking and structure clarifying: A review

Rabiei

Kish

2022

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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Combined impact of UV radiation and nitric acid on HDPE containers during outdoor exposure

Geburtig¹,

Wachtendorf²,

Schmidt³

et al. 2018

Materials Testing

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Unpigmented HDPE jerrycans filled with nitric acid (55 wt.-%) and water respectively had been exposed to outdoor conditions for one Berlin summer season. As both liquids underwent equal temperature progression, exposure effects of UV radiation and nitric acid as well as of the combination of both can be separated and compared. On the basis of various property changes after these exposures, synergistic action is evaluated and compared to a damaged Intermediate Bulk Container (IBC) from a transport accident. It is found that carbonyl formation accompanies lightness increase in color measurement due to microcracking and with a worsening in mechanical behavior, all of them showing the synergistic effects of UV and nitric acid exposure. By contrast, embedding nitrogen compounds accompanies yellowing of the material but cannot be correlated to oxidation. The reason for intensified damaging is the decomposition of the 55-percent nitric acid and the formation of nitrogen oxides even at ambient temperatures, caused by UV radiation. Thus, damaging effects become similar to those caused by fuming nitric acid exposure at temperatures above 60 °C, resulting in strong oxidative degradation of the polyethylene. By contrast, exclusive exposure to the 55 wt.-% nitric acid at 40 °C does not cause any failure. It can therefore be assumed that the damaged IBC too had been exposed to both UV radiation and nitric acid, probably outdoors.

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The texture of melt crystallized polyethylene as revealed by selective oxidation

Cited by 2 publications

References 0 publications

Aminolysis of polyesters for cracking and structure clarifying: A review

Aminolysis of polyesters for cracking and structure clarifying: A review

Combined impact of UV radiation and nitric acid on HDPE containers during outdoor exposure

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