Social media facilitates an individuals' ability to rapidly access information especially during the crisis time. According to a recent Pew survey (2020), more than eight-in-ten Americans (86%) get news and information from social media. A huge and growing volume of literature has documented the extent to which social media has made it easier for individuals in both democratic societies, non-democratic or transitional societies to obtain news and information. The numerous popularity and attractiveness of social media has encouraged many media scholars (e.g., Frey, et al., 202;Tal L. 2022;Uslu, & Durak, 2022;Zhang, & Zhong, 2020) to pay attention and investigate the effects, uses, dependency, and engagement in social media.
Media Dependency TheoryMedia dependency theory (MDT), which provides this study's theoretical framework, was developed in the mid-1970s. Rokeach and DeFluer (1976) began from the hypothesis that before one can understand the cognitive, effective, or behavioral aspects of individuals' social realities engendered by mass communication information, one must first understand the relationship among publics, the media, and society. In other words, by viewing the mass media as an information system, it employs a multi-level framework to clarify the interrelationship between persons, media system and societal system. This theory illustrates the relationship between the media system, the public and the political and societal system on the macro level and between the media and individuals on the micro level (Zhang, X., Zhong, 2020). Hence, the theory provides an integrated view of how people interact with the media on which they depend on. These collaborative relationships effect in either a decrease or increase in media dependency. Numerous factors contribute to media dependencies, such as media effects and individuals' media desires. Ball-Rokeach & DeFleur (1976) assured that dependency theory appeared in response to limited-effects models of mass communication. The theory suggests that individuals have three main objectives when using media: understanding, orientation, and play. Consequently, people tend to develop relationships with media that transmit information to the public and provide them with a variety of benefits and opportunities to understand their environment, especially in the absence of stability due to the conflicts, and the desire for change or in the event of crises (Grant, &Meadows, 2020).According to Ball-Rokeach (1998), the more persons' needs are fulfilled by media, the more they rely on mass media to meet those requests. Moreover, Groshek (2011) confirmed that media effects become stronger, and individuals depend heavily on the media in unstable, uncertain, ambiguous environments and during crises. Furthermore,