The TBT Ban: Out of the Frying Pan into the Fire?

Evans, Stewart M.; Birchenough, A.C.; Brancato, Mary Sue

doi:10.1016/s0025-326x(99)00248-9

Cited by 202 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…Antifouling chemicals are especially important to the shipping industry because biofouling of ships' hulls leads to increased friction and fuel consumption, increased cleaning costs and increased time out of service. A 1 mm thick layer of algal slime will increase hull friction by 80% and the fuel consumption by 17% [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity evaluation of single and mixed antifouling biocides measured with acute toxicity bioassays

Fernández‐Alba

Hernando

Piedra

et al. 2002

Analytica Chimica Acta

215

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Antifouling biocides used in boat paints were analyzed with a battery of toxicity bioassays to evaluate the toxic effects of these compounds on Vibrio fischeri, Daphnia magna and Selenastrum capricornotum. The antifoulants tested were Irgarol 1051, Kathon 5287, chlorothalonil, diuron, dichlofluanid, 2-thiocyanomethylthiobenzothiazole (TCMTB) and tributyltin (TBT). In most cases, the sensitivity of the organisms towards the toxicants followed the order: S. capricornotum > D. magna > V. fischeri. Toxicity by concentration level had the following order:, the toxicity order of compounds was TBT > Kathon 5287 > chlorothalonil > TCMTB > dichlofluanid > Irgarol 1051 > diuron. For V. fischeri (30 min test), the compound toxicity had the following order: Kathon 5287 > TBT > TCMTB > dichlofluanid > Irgarol 1051 > chlorothalonil.Degradation products of Irgarol 1051 and diuron were also tested. Degradation product of Irgarol 1051 was found to be less toxic to the crustacean and the microalga but more toxic to the bacterium. Degradation products of diuron were less toxic to the microalga in comparison with the bacterium. For mixtures of compound, toxicities were additive in only 33% of the cases and 21% of mixtures were less toxic than expected based on the sum of concentrations of toxicants (antagonistic effect). Synergistic enhancements of toxicity were observed for a majority (46%) of the mixtures.The average reproducibility of the EC 50 and LOEC measurements was 27, 24 and 28%, respectively, in the V. fischeri, S. capricornotum and D. magna bioassays. For single compound, the reproducibility of EC 50 was better than ±20% for a vast majority of the measurements with the V. fischeri system, thus agreeing closely with the reported reproducibility values for this relatively well-known assay.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity evaluation of single and mixed antifouling biocides measured with acute toxicity bioassays

Fernández‐Alba

Hernando

Piedra

et al. 2002

Analytica Chimica Acta

215

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“…There is some evidence for the transfer from the sediment back into surface waters. A total ban of TBT use in 2003 and its presence on boats by 2008 has raised doubts concerning the toxicity of a proposed copper-containing triazine replacement [40], even suggesting that any ban on TBT is postponed until the safety of new compounds is assessed for their environmental impact. Much of the work on TBTs in the 1980s was reviewed in Volume 3 of this series [41], when the relationship between TBT concentrations in the clam Scrobicularia plana and TBT levels in estuarine sediments was already well established [42].…”

Section: Bioaccumulation Of Tributyltinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transport of Colloids and Particles Across Biological Membranes

Taylor

Simkiss

2004

Physicochemical Kinetics and Transport at Biointerfaces

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“…The first antifouling paints arose in the mid 19 th century using a strong toxic substance dispersed in a polymeric binder (Almeida et al, 2007). Around 1950, the development of organometallic paints (with tin, arsenic, mercury and others) preceded tributyltin-based antifouling paints, which became famous due to their efficiency and to their toxic effects on marine organisms and environment (Ruiz et al, 1995;Evans et al, 2000;Fernandez et al, 2005). Thus, several countries control the use of industrial antifouling products and the use of TBT was banned by the International Maritime Organization since January 2008 (IMO, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antifouling activity of twelve demosponges from Brazil

et al. 2013

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Benthic marine organisms are constantly exposed to fouling, which is harmful to most host species. Thus, the production of secondary metabolites containing antifouling properties is an important ecological advantage for sessile organisms and may also provide leading compounds for the development of antifouling paints. High antifouling potential of sponges has been demonstrated in the Indian and Pacific oceans and in the Caribbean and Mediterranean seas. Brazilian sponges remain understudied concerning antifouling activities. Only two scientific articles reported this activity in sponges of Brazil. The objective of this study was to test crude extracts of twelve species of sponges from Brazil against the attachment of the mussel Perna perna through laboratorial assays, and highlight promising species for future studies. The species Petromica citrina, Amphimedon viridis, Desmapsamma anchorata, Chondrosia sp., Polymastia janeirensis, Tedania ignis, Aplysina fulva, Mycale angulosa, Hymeniacidon heliophila, Dysidea etheria, Tethya rubra, and Tethya maza were frozen and freeze-dried before extraction with acetone or dichloromethane. The crude extract of four species significantly inhibited the attachment of byssus: Tethya rubra (p = 0.0009), Tethya maza (p = 0.0039), Petromica citrina (p = 0.0277), and Hymeniacidon heliophila (p = 0.00003). These species, specially, should be the target of future studies to detail the substances involved in the ability antifouling well as to define its amplitude of action.Keywords: Porifera, Demospongiae, antifouling, Perna perna, Brazil. Atividade anti-incrustante de doze demosponjas do Brasil ResumoOrganismos bentônicos marinhos estão expostos constantemente à incrustação, que pode ser danosa para a maioria das espécies. Assim, a produção de metabólitos secundários com propriedades anti-incrustantes é uma vantagem ecológica importante para organismos sésseis e pode também orientar o estudo de substâncias para o desenvolvimento de tintas anti-incrustantes. O alto potencial anti-incrustante de esponjas tem sido demonstrado nos oceanos Índico e Pacífico, nos mares Mediterrâneo e Caribenho. Esponjas brasileiras permanecem pouco estudadas em relação à atividade anti-incrustante. Apenas dois artigos científicos registraram essa atividade em esponjas do Brasil. O objetivo desse estudo foi testar os extratos brutos de doze espécies de esponjas do Brasil contra a fixação do molusco Perna perna através de ensaios laboratoriais e também destacar espécies promissoras para estudos futuros. As espécies Petromica citrina, Amphimedon viridis, Desmapsamma anchorata, Chondrosia sp., Polymastia janeirensis, Tedania ignis, Aplysina fulva, Mycale angulosa, Hymeniacidon heliophila, Dysidea etheria, Tethya rubra e Tethya maza foram congeladas e liofilizadas logo após a coleta e posteriormente procedeu-se a extração com acetona ou diclorometano. O extrato bruto de quatro espécies inibiu significativamente a fixação de bissos: Tethya rubra (p = 0.0009), Tethya maza (p = 0.0039), Petromica citrina (p...

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The TBT Ban: Out of the Frying Pan into the Fire?

Cited by 202 publications

References 62 publications

Toxicity evaluation of single and mixed antifouling biocides measured with acute toxicity bioassays

Toxicity evaluation of single and mixed antifouling biocides measured with acute toxicity bioassays

Transport of Colloids and Particles Across Biological Membranes

Antifouling activity of twelve demosponges from Brazil

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