The System Development of Electrically Heated Catalyst (EHC) for the LEV and EU-III Legislation

Pfalzgraf, B.; Otto, Erhard; Wirth, Alexandra; Kuper, P.; Held, Wolfgang; Donnerstag, A.

doi:10.4271/951072

Cited by 32 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The concept of electrically heated catalysts (EHC) gained attention in the automotive research sector due to the introduction of ever more stringent emission limits by governmental institutions in the late 1990s [34,35]. Since then, its impact on the reduction of cold-start emissions has been widely studied and confirmed for road vehicle engines [36,37].…”

Section: Electrically Heated Catalystmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduction of Cold-Start Emissions for a Micro Combined Heat and Power Plant

et al. 2020

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Decentralized power generation by combined heat and power plants becomes increasingly popular as a measure to advance the energy transition. In this context, a substantial advantage of small combined heat and power plants is based on the relatively low pollutant emissions. However, a large proportion of the pollutant emissions is produced during a cold-start. This fact is not reflected in governmental and institutional emission guidelines, as these strongly focus on the emission levels under steady-state conditions. This study analyzes the spark advance, the reference air/fuel ratio and an electrically heated catalyst in terms of their potential to reduce the cold-start emissions of a micro combined heat and power plant which uses a natural gas fueled reciprocating internal combustion engine as prime mover and a three-way catalytic converter as aftertreatment system. Based on these measures, control approaches were developed that account for the specific operating conditions of the class of small combined heat and power plants, e.g., full-load operation and flexible, demand-driven runtimes. The experimental data demonstrates that even solutions with marginal adaptation/integration effort can reduce cold-start emissions to a great extent.

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Section: Electrically Heated Catalystmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduction of Cold-Start Emissions for a Micro Combined Heat and Power Plant

et al. 2020

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“…However, a complete EHC system can be rather complex, as well as expensive. Figure 2 shows a German car manufacturer's production-ready system (10). The EHC is electrically connected to the vehicle mass, as well as to an electronic power switch, the purpose of which is to actuate the heating current, to monitor the whole system and allow for the exchange of necessary data with the engine management system.…”

Section: Electrically Heated Catalystmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computer aided assessment and optimization of catalyst fast light-off techniques

Konstantinidis

Koltsakis

Stamatelos

1997

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D:

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Strict future legislation standards are forcing the car industry to employ new techniques for reducing exhaust gas emissions. Most of these techniques focus on accelerating the appearance of catalyst light-off and are thus called fast light-off techniques (FLTs). Optimized exhaust systems comprising FLTs will be able to meet the forthcoming legislation standards for the United States [low emissions vehicle (LEV) and ultra-low emissions vehicle (ULEV)] and the European Union (Stage III). The most promising active and passive FLT systems are briefly reviewed. Computer aided optimization of such systems can be realized with the help of specific computational tools, which are briefly presented in this paper, and according to a concept optimization methodology, which is also discussed. The results indicate an increased sensitivity of FLT systems' performance over the selected values of certain design and operating parameters that were featured in the examples presented. Moreover, by comparing the computational results with knowledge gained from experiments and testing, the paper indicates that, given the suitable computational tools, the optimization procedure can take place in a most cost-effective manner by substituting many experiments with computer test case runs.

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“…1–4 This is not only a consequence of the low efficiency of TWC at low temperatures, but also of the incomplete combustion that takes place when the engine is below its working temperature. 5–7 Different approaches can be followed to deal with this issue, from using additional hardware components in order to heat up faster the TWC, 8–20 to developing specific control strategies like ignition retardation or homogeneous split mode injection, in order to not only heat up the TWC faster but also reducing HC exhaust raw emissions. 21–23 Ignition retardation allows to delay the combustion process, thereby the combustion remains active even during the exhaust stroke, which helps to speed up the catalyst heating process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling three-way catalytic converter oriented to engine cold-start conditions

Real

Hedinger

Plá

et al. 2019

International Journal of Engine Research

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This article introduces a physical model of a three-way catalytic converter oriented to engine cold-start conditions. Computational cost is an important factor, particularly when the modelling is oriented to the development of engine control strategies. That is why a one-dimensional one-channel real-time capable model is proposed. The present model accounts for two phases, gas and solid, respectively, considering not only the heat transfer by convection between both, but also the water vapour condensation and evaporation in the catalyst brick, which plays a key role during engine cold-start. Moreover, the model addresses the conductive heat flow, heat losses to the environment and exothermic reactions in the solid phase, as well as the convective heat flow in the gas phase. Regarding the chemical model, the oxidation of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide is considered by means of the Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanism. Three layers make up the model structure from a kinetic point of view, bulk gas, washcoat pores and noble metal in the catalyst surface. The model takes fuel-to-air ratio, exhaust gas mass flow, temperature, pressure and gas composition as inputs, providing the thermal distribution as well as the species concentration along the converter.

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The System Development of Electrically Heated Catalyst (EHC) for the LEV and EU-III Legislation

Cited by 32 publications

References 7 publications

Reduction of Cold-Start Emissions for a Micro Combined Heat and Power Plant

Reduction of Cold-Start Emissions for a Micro Combined Heat and Power Plant

Computer aided assessment and optimization of catalyst fast light-off techniques

Modelling three-way catalytic converter oriented to engine cold-start conditions

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