The Synthesis of Lepidoptera Pheromones

Abstract

The interaction of rotating magnetic fields (RMFs) with a plasma is modelled in the linear approximation. A kinetic Hamiltonian model for the rf plasma conductivity is used. A radially inhomogeneous periodic cylindrical plasma with a rotational transform of the magnetic field is studied with parameters relevant to the dynamic ergodic divertor (DED) of TEXTOR. For the case of a finite electron diamagnetic velocity it is shown that the torque resulting from the RMF tends to bring the electron fluid approximately to the rest frame of this field. This result is in qualitative agreement with long mean-free path drift MHD theory. In contrast to that theory where a resonant behaviour is found at electron and ion diamagnetic frequencies, in the present kinetic analysis, the RMF frequency where the torque passes through zero is smaller than the electron diamagnetic frequency if there is an electron temperature gradient present. The relation of these results with recent experimental measurements of the DED-induced plasma rotation in TEXTOR is discussed.

A New Synthesis of the Sex Pheromone of the Indian Meal Moth Plodia Interpunctella hb. (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae)

“…The obtained precipitate was filtrated and washed on the filter with cooling aqueous ethylic alcohol 50%. After drying were obtained 3.15 g of di(1-tert-butoxy-dec-9-yne) mercury (7). Yield: 57%, m.p.…”

“…The synthesis of (9Z,12E)-9,12-tetradecadiene-1-yl acetate is well known in the literature [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. The pheromone has been prepared by the Wittig reaction [11], Grignard reagent reaction with allyl bromide in the presence of copper (I) salts [12], Wittig condensation between triphenyl-phosphonium (E)-3-pentenylide and 9-acetoxy-1-nonanal using either potassium in HMPT [13], cross-coupling reaction [14], coupling 2-(8-chloro-1-octyloxy)tetrahydropyran with lithium acetylide followed by reaction of lithium salt with (E)-1-bromo-2-butene [15].…”

Insect Pheromones Synthesized by Oxidative Transformations of Natural Monoterpenoids

“…Condensation of bromoacetate 8 wth sodium malonic ester was used [17] to synthesize 10-hydroxy-4,8-dimethyl-4E,8E-decadienoic acid (11), an acyclic precursor of ferrulactone I (12), which is the principal component of the aggregation pheromone of the rusty grain beetle (Cryptolestes ferrugineus Stephen). Decarboxylation of the resulting triester 9 and subsequent saponification gave the key hydroxyacid 11, lactonization of which by bis- (4-t- Odinokov et al [18] changed the condensation and decarboxylation conditions in the synthesis of 11 from 3.…”

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The literature on oxidative transformations of natural monoterpenoids to synthesize insect pheromones was reviewed.The literature on pheromone chemistry is broad and reflects the consistent interest in this area over the last 20 years in the form of monographs [1-7] and reviews [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15].Insect pheromones known today are rather simple molecules (less than four asymmetric centers and four functional groups). Therefore, the "ideal" substrate (chiral or achiral) for most such structures is a moderately functionalized molecule, in particular, hydroxy-and amino-acids in addition to monoterpenoids.

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“…The literature on pheromone chemistry is broad and reflects the consistent interest in this area over the last 20 years in the form of monographs [1-7] and reviews [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15].…”