The Surgical Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation

Current Evidence-Based Understanding of the Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation

“…Rhythm control may utilize medical antiarrhythmic therapy, electrical cardioversion, and/or invasive catheter-or surgery-based procedures. 49,130,131,132 Patient-specific factors including stage of AF (i.e., paroxysmal, persistent, or permanent), symptoms, age, comorbidities, and, importantly, patient preference should be considered.…”

Hybrid Epicardial and Endocardial Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation: Is Ablation on Two Sides of the Atrial Wall Better Than One?

“…The so‐called “cut‐and‐sew” surgical maze procedure was developed by the pioneering work of James Cox to treat this patient population. This procedure was subsequently modified to reduce the complexity and time required and is embodied in the Cox‐Maze‐IV surgery, which is performed on cardiopulmonary bypass and uses a combination of radiofrequency ablation, cryoablation, and surgical incisions …”

“…This procedure was subsequently modified to reduce the complexity and time required and is embodied in the Cox-Maze-IV surgery, which is performed on cardiopulmonary bypass and uses a combination of radiofrequency ablation, cryoablation, and surgical incisions. 3,4 The next step in the evolution of the procedure was the replacement of the cryoablation lesions and the surgical incisions with radiofrequency ablation alone. This step obviates the need for cardiopulmonary bypass and created an epicardial-only technique.…”

Cirurgia da insuficiência mitral no tratamento da insuficiência cardíaca avançada

“…One should also remember that in some cases, more rarely, the DC may be reversed and in such cases the correction of FMI may be used as a bridge to healing [32]. In addition, there are surgical alternatives such as cardiomyoplasty [34], myocardial revascularization in ischemic DC [19], partial left ventriculectomy (Batista operation) [35], Cox procedure [36], ventricular resynchronization [37], implantation of a cardioverter-defibrillator [38], and even artificial ventricles [39], whose aggregation concomitant or a posteriori of surgical correction of the FMI can improve the long-term survival.…”