The study of apoptotic bifunctional effects in relationship between host and parasite in cystic echinococcosis: a new approach to suppression and survival of hydatid cyst

Abstract

Cystic echinococcosis (hydatidosis) is a zoonotic helminthic disease of human and other intermediated hosts wherein infection is caused by the larval stages of tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. Growth of the larval stage is formed throughout the internal organs, the liver and lung, causing their destruction. Important pathways are unknown about suppression and survival of cysts in human body. In this study, apoptotic bifunctional effects are evaluated in relationship between host and parasite in cystic echinococcosis. Human lymphocytes were treated with hydatid fluid (HF). After 6 h of exposure, caspase-3 activity was measured by fluorometric assay in the HF-treated lymphocytes and control cells. Also, the expression of Bax (as pro-apoptotic protein) and Bcl-2 (an anti-apoptotic protein) mRNA was assessed by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) after 12 h of exposure. For surveying of apoptosis-inducing ligands TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand and Fas-L, germinal layer and accompaniment peripheral tissues as healthy control were separated by scalpel from each cyst in sterile condition, then were assess by semiquantitative RT-PCR method in mRNA expression. Both the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 mRNA expression and caspase-3 activity were higher in the fertile fluid-treated lymphocytes relative to infertile fluid-treated lymphocytes and control group versus the expression level of apoptosis-inducing ligands having a relatively high level in germinal layer of infertile cyst in comparison to fertile cyst and healthy tissue. Apoptosis of germinal layer of fertile cysts is possibly one of the suppression mechanisms in hydatidosis patients, in contrast to lymphocytes apoptosis by modulator of hydatid fluid, one of the hydatid cyst survival mechanisms.

Post-immunization immunohistochemical expression of Caspase 3 and p53 apoptotic markers in experimental hydatidosis

“…Immunization may thus inhibit splenocyte apoptosis to thereby permit extensive splenocyte expansion and a severe cellular reaction, resulting in protective immunity and destruction of the parasite, as reported in our work. Additionally, in studying mechanisms of cyst survival, Spotin et al (2012) concluded that apoptosis of the germinal layer is a possible mechanism of suppression in hydatidosis patients, while lymphocyte apoptosis promotes cyst survival. Our results further validate this previous finding, as an increase in apoptotic markers in infertile cysts and decreased apoptosis of inflammatory cells was observed following immunization, leading to the destruction of the larval cestode.…”

“…Several vaccine candidates for IHs have been tested and were shown to elicit variable degrees of protection (LIGHTOWLERS et al, 1996(LIGHTOWLERS et al, , 1999(LIGHTOWLERS et al, , 2000WOOLLARD et al, 1998). Although there has been extensive research into post-immunization antibody responses, other aspects of the vaccine-induced immune response remain unknown, including those that affect apoptotic changes underlying fertility, suppression and survival of hydatid cysts (SPOTIN et al, 2012). Research into apoptosis has increased substantially since the early 1990s.…”

Discrimination of Mixed Infections of Echinococcus Species Based on in Silico Sequence Analysis: A New Way of Reflecting Overlapped Strains in Indigenous Areas

“…The ability of these markers in detecting more unknown haplotypes than nuclear-conserved gene (ITS1-rDNA) has already been proven (31,32). The existence of novel haplotypes in G1 and mixed genotypes is related to the pathogenicity range of Echinococcus spp., the creation of re/emergent strains in the region, and the resistance of metacestodes to host innate immunity responses (33)(34)(35). Additionally, genotyping analyses of all cattle isolates exhibited the G1 strain.…”

Efficacy of Cyperus Rotundus Rhizomes-Tubers Extracts Against Protoscoleces of Echinococcus Granulosus

“…[42,61,62] Regarding C. rotundus and within this hypothesis, recent studies concluded that the aerial parts extract of this plant exhibit a potential use as antioxidant and apoptosis inducer and explained that the anti-proliferative effect of these extracts is due to induction of apoptosis and suggested the regulation of apoptotic genes may be controlled by their phenolic content, orientin is one of the main flavonoids identified in alcoholic extract. [33] Moreover, the result of Hu et al, [63] confirmed the presence of apoptosis and the existence of CED-3 like apoptotic gene in protoscoleces of E. granulosus and proved that H2O2and hexamenthasone can induce cell apoptosis of protoscoleces in drug-induced apoptosis mechanisms.…”