The Struthiopteris spicant (Blechnaceae, Polypodiopsida) complex in Western Europe, with proposals for taxonomic and nomenclatural changes

Molino, Sonia; Galán, José María Gabriel y; Wąsowicz, Paweł; Fuente, Pablo de la; Sessa, Emily B.

doi:10.1007/s00606-019-1565-0

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…In the present study, we have observed the original stomata character along with many more traits that support the recognition of two groups, such as the color of the petioles (Ohwi, ; Chiou & al., ; Faguo & al., ), the presence of epidermal hairs (which has been previously described for S. spicant and S. fallax [Rolleri & Prada, ; Molino & al., ] but not for S. castanea ), the base of the sori (decurrent or not), differences in the anatomy of the pinnae, which is an important character for classifying ferns, especially within the family Blechnaceae (Prada & al., ; Vicent, ), and also differences in the perispore, which is another extremely important character for fern classification (Tryon & Lugardon, ), particularly in Blechnaceae (Passarelli, ; Passarelli & al., 2010). Cytogenetic data also exist that support this segregation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A multi‐character analysis of Struthiopteris leads to the rescue of Spicantopsis (Blechnaceae, Polypodiopsida)

Molino

Galán

Sessa

et al. 2019

TAXON

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The family Blechnaceae is a moderately sized leptosporangiate fern lineage, with 24 genera and around 250 species. Struthiopteris accommodates small to medium-sized, dimorphic, pinnate species. It is composed of six northern species: S. spicant is distributed in western parts of Europe and North America; S. fallax is endemic to Iceland; S. niponica, S. amabilis and S. castanea are endemic to Japan, and S. hancockii occurs in Japan and Taiwan. Due to the lack of a global review and to its highly interesting geographical distribution, this genus merits further study to clarify its taxonomy, species relationships, and distributional pattern. The present study aims to achieve the following goals: (a) identify and describe morphological characters supporting the taxonomy of Struthiopteris; (b) reconstruct a complete phylogeny for the genus; (c) study the biogeographical history of Struthiopteris at a global scale. The morphological study involved the observation of characters ranging from rhizome scales to spores over 164 individuals. Phylogenies were constructed applying ML and BI techniques over 51 newly produced sequences of three chloroplast markers (rbcL, trnL-trnF, psbA-trnH), using the species Blechnidium melanopus and Brainea insignis as closest relatives. For the molecular dating and historical biogeography analyses, we estimated and compared ancestral ranges under several models. Most of the morphological characters led us to discern two groups of species: the S. spicant group (S. spicant, S. fallax, and S. castanea) and the S. niponica group (the remaining species). In our molecular phylogeny, the supposed sister genus Blechnidium always appeared as nested within Struthiopteris, rendering this genus non-monophyletic. The two groups identified by the morphology appeared as monophyletic clades within Struthiopteris, with the clade S. spicant more closely related to Blechnidium than to the clade S. niponica. For all these reasons, we propose to rescue the now-disused genus Spicantopsis for the species belonging to the S. niponica group: indeed, this genus was created c. 100 years ago to reunite the same species S. amabilis, S. niponica, and S. hancockii. Our results suggest that all members of this group of genera (Blechnidium, Struthiopteris, Spicantopsis) emerged in East Asia about 85 mya, at a time when Japan was still part of the mainland. It appears that, for most of their history, the members of these genera have been confined to East Asia, with one dispersal to the Americas by an ancestor within Struthiopteris s.str., and additional dispersals to India and the Philippines by Blechnidium melanopus.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…B). Struthiopteris fallax (Lange) S.Molino & al., which has only recently been recognized at the species level (Molino & al., ), is endemic to Iceland (Fig. B).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A multi‐character analysis of Struthiopteris leads to the rescue of Spicantopsis (Blechnaceae, Polypodiopsida)

Molino

Galán

Sessa

et al. 2019

TAXON

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“…Current distributions for all taxa were determined from the literature (e.g., Giudice et al, 2008; Perrie et al, 2014; Dittrich et al, 2017; Gasper et al, 2017; Vicent et al, 2017; Molino et al, 2019a, 2019b), and from online databases of georeferenced herbarium specimen data (Global Biodiversity Information Facility [GBIF; https://www.gbif.org/] and Integrated Digitized Biospecimens [iDigBio; https://www.idigbio.org/]). Based on these current ranges, we defined nine geographic areas (Figure 2): North America, tropical America, temperate South America except southeastern Brazil, southeastern Brazil, Africa (including Madagascar), Eurasia, Australia, Southeast Asia (including India), and New Zealand and Pacific Islands.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep vicariance and frequent transoceanic dispersal shape the evolutionary history of a globally distributed fern family

Testo

Gasper

Molino

et al. 2022

American J of Botany

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Premise: The historical biogeography of ferns is typically expected to be dominated by long-distance dispersal due to their minuscule spores. However, few studies have inferred the historical biogeography of a large and widely distributed group of ferns to test this hypothesis. Our aims were to determine the extent to which long-distance dispersal vs. vicariance have shaped the history of the fern family Blechnaceae, to explore ecological correlates of dispersal and diversification, and to determine whether these patterns differ between the northern and southern hemispheres. Methods: We used sequence data for three chloroplast loci to infer a time-calibrated phylogeny for 154 of 265 species of Blechnaceae, including representatives of all genera in the family. This tree was used to conduct ancestral range reconstruction and stochastic character mapping, estimate diversification rates, and identify ecological correlates of diversification. Results: Blechnaceae originated in Eurasia and began diversifying in the late Cretaceous. A lineage comprising most extant diversity diversified principally in the austral Pacific region around the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. Land connections that existed near the poles during periods of warm climates likely facilitated migration of several lineages, with subsequent climate-mediated vicariance shaping current distributions. Long-distance dispersal is frequent and asymmetrical, with New Zealand/Pacific Islands, Australia, and tropical America being major source areas. Conclusions: Ancient vicariance and extensive long-distance dispersal have shaped the history of Blechnaceae in both the northern and southern hemispheres. The exceptional diversity in austral regions appears to reflect rapid speciation in these areas; mechanisms underlying this evolutionary success remain uncertain.

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“…The family is organized in three subfamilies and 25 genera (Gasper et al 2016;Molino et al 2019), of which Blechnum L., with about 30 spp., is the third largest (Dittrich et al 2015;PPG 1 2016). Blechnum in the restricted sense treated by us is restricted to the Neotropics and Africa, and can be recognized by its stoloniferous rhizomes, monomorphic to subdimorphic fronds, and finely denticulate pinna margins (Gasper et al 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new species of Blechnum L. (Blechnaceae, Polypodiopsida) from central-western Brazil, with an updated key to the species in the country

2022

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We describe a new species of Blechnum from Mato Grosso, Brazil: Blechnum rivulorum sp. nov. This new species was discovered as a result of visits to the herbaria BM, K, P, PR, and S, as part of the Reflora Project, by the first author. We also indicate its position in a new Blechnum phylogeny. Additionally, we confirm the occurrence of Blechnum meridense Klotzsch in Brazil and provide an updated key to all species of Blechnum in the country.

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The Struthiopteris spicant (Blechnaceae, Polypodiopsida) complex in Western Europe, with proposals for taxonomic and nomenclatural changes

Cited by 8 publications

References 17 publications

A multi‐character analysis of Struthiopteris leads to the rescue of Spicantopsis (Blechnaceae, Polypodiopsida)

A multi‐character analysis of Struthiopteris leads to the rescue of Spicantopsis (Blechnaceae, Polypodiopsida)

Deep vicariance and frequent transoceanic dispersal shape the evolutionary history of a globally distributed fern family

A new species of Blechnum L. (Blechnaceae, Polypodiopsida) from central-western Brazil, with an updated key to the species in the country

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