The Structure and Function of Nodavirus Particles: A Paradigm for Understanding Chemical Biology

Schneemann, Anette; Reddy, Vijay; Johnson, John E.

doi:10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60812-x

Cited by 104 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…Flock house virus (FHV), a member of the insect͞animal virus family called Nodaviridae (for reviews, see refs. [2][3][4], is a unique example of a virus that crosses the kingdom barrier. FHV was originally isolated from the New Zealand grass grub Costelytra zealandica (5).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Systemic spread of an RNA insect virus in plants expressing plant viral movement protein genes

Dasgupta

Garcia

Goodman

2001

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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nodavirus V iruses whose host range spans two kingdoms are few. Most are insect-vectored plant viruses that multiply in a narrow insect host range (1). Flock house virus (FHV), a member of the insect͞animal virus family called Nodaviridae (for reviews, see refs. 2-4), is a unique example of a virus that crosses the kingdom barrier. FHV was originally isolated from the New Zealand grass grub Costelytra zealandica (5). The range of insect hosts for FHV is not well studied. In the laboratory, FHV replicates in the larvae of the wax moth Galleria mellonella and cultured Drosophila melanogaster cells (4). In 1990, FHV was shown to replicate and produce infectious virions in barley protoplasts and the inoculated leaves of several other monocotyledon and dicotyledon plant species without producing symptoms (6). FHV thus replicates in both insects (2) and plants (6), although it is not transmitted to plants by its insect hosts (2).The genome of FHV consists of two small messenger sense RNAs: RNA1 (3.1 kb; ref. Broad host range, simple genome organization, and asymptomatic growth in plants make FHV a powerful tool for the study of fundamental questions of virus-host interactions and the modification of gene expression in plants. A drawback to its use is that FHV does not encode a protein that enables it to move inside the plant. In all plants previously tested, FHV accumulated only in inoculated tissues or cells (6).Here we report the results of experiments designed to determine whether FHV could be mobilized in plants with the use of plant viral movement proteins (MPs). We used genes encoding the 30-kDa protein of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and the 35-kDa protein of red clover necrotic mosaic virus (RCNMV) (dianthovirus), two of the most well-studied and widely used plant viral MPs, both expressed as transgenes in N. benthamiana plants (11-16). These plant viruses each encode a single, functionally homologous MP with conserved amino acid sequences (14, 17), and neither virus requires coat protein for cell-to-cell movement (16, 18). These MPs have been shown conclusively to bind RNA in vitro and to increase the size exclusion limit of plasmodesmata in mesophyl cells to allow cell-to-cell movement (19). Moreover, both TMV MP and RCNMV MP have been shown to complement the transport of other plant viruses belonging to different taxonomic groups, such as barley stripe mosaic virus (20, 21), potato virus X (22), and brome mosaic virus (23).Our results show that MPs of both TMV and RCNMV initiate local as well as long-distance movement of FHV in MP transgenic plants. RCNMV MP is more effective in mobilizing movement of FHV to noninoculated leaves. We also show that FHV replicates in inoculated leaves of six more plant species, in addition to those reported previously (6). Newly discovered experimental hosts of FHV include alfalfa, Arabidopsis, Brassica, cucumber, rice, and sweet corn. Plants were grown from seeds planted in Scotts Redi-earth Plug and Seedling Mix and placed in growth chambers maintained at 24°C, with 12 h of l...

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confidence: 99%

Systemic spread of an RNA insect virus in plants expressing plant viral movement protein genes

Dasgupta

Garcia

Goodman

2001

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…The family Nodaviridae is comprised of the genera Alphanodavirus and Betanodavirus. Alphanodavirus predominantly infects insects, while Betanodavirus predominantly infects fish [3][4][5][6][7] . Nodaviruses are small, nonenveloped, spherical viruses with bipartite positive-sense RNA genomes (RNA1 and RNA2) that are capped but not polyadenylated [3] .…”

Section: Betanodavirusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Betanodavirus: Mitochondrial disruption and necrotic cell death

Hong¹

2013

WJV

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Betanodaviruses cause viral nervous necrosis, an infectious neuropathological condition in fish that is characterized by necrosis of the central nervous system, including the brain and retina. This disease can cause mass mortality in larval and juvenile populations of several teleost species and is of global economic importance. The mechanism of brain and retina damage during betanodavirus infection is poorly understood. In this review, we will focus recent results that highlight betanodavirus infection-induced molecular death mechanisms in vitro . Betanodavirus can induce host cellular death and post-apoptotic necrosis in fish cells. Betanodavirus-induced necrotic cell death is also correlated with loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in fish cells, as this necrotic cell death is blocked by the mitochondrial membrane permeability transition pore inhibitor bongkrekic acid and the expression of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family member zfBcl-xL. Moreover, this mitochondria-mediated necrotic cell death may require a caspase-independent pathway. A possible cellular death pathway involving mitochondrial function and the modulator zfBcl-xs is discussed which may provide new insights into the necrotic pathogenesis of betanodavirus.

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“…Nodaviruses are small (25 to 30 nm), unenveloped icosahedral viruses with a genome that consists of 2 molecules of positive-sense (+) single-stranded (ss) RNAs. RNA1 (3.1 kb) encodes protein A, the viral part of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), while RNA2 (1.4 kb) encodes the capsid protein of the virus, protein α (reviewed by Schneemann et al 1998). The Nodaviridae are divided into 2 genera, the alphanodaviruses, which infect insects and the betanodaviruses, which infect fishes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complete sequence of RNA1 and subgenomic RNA3 of Atlantic halibut nodavirus (AHNV)

Sommerset¹,

Nerland²

2004

Dis. Aquat. Org.

103

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The Nodaviridae are divided into the alphanodavirus genus, which infects insects, and the betanodavirus genus, which infects fishes. Betanodaviruses are the causative agent of viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER) in a number of cultivated marine fish species. The Nodaviridae are small non-enveloped RNA viruses that contain a genome consisting of 2 single-stranded positivesense RNA segments: RNA1 (3.1 kb), which encodes the viral part of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp); and RNA2 (1.4 kb), which encodes the capsid protein. In addition to RNA1 and RNA2, a subgenomic transcript of RNA1, RNA3, is present in infected cells. We have cloned and sequenced RNA1 from the Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus nodavirus (AHNV), and for the first time, the sequence of a betanodaviral subgenomic RNA3 has been determined. AHNV RNA1 was 3100 nucleotides in length and contained a main open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 981 amino acids. Conservative motifs for RdRp were found in the deduced amino acid sequence. RNA3 was 371 nucleotides in length, and contained an open reading frame encoding a peptide of 75 amino acids corresponding to a hypothetical B2 protein, although sequence alignments with the alphanodavirus B2 proteins showed only marginal similarities. AHNV RNA replication in the fish cell-line SSN-1 (derived from striped snakehead) was analysed by Northern blot analysis, which indicated that RNA3 was synthesised in large amounts (compared to RNA1) at an early point in time post-infection.KEY WORDS: Fish nodavirus · RNA-dependent RNA polymerase · RdRp · RNA1 · Subgenomic RNA 3 Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 58: [117][118][119][120][121][122][123][124][125] 2004 2003). B1 is translated in the same reading frame as protein A, while B2 is translated in a +1 reading frame. PaV RNA3 has the coding potential of B2 and a second, smaller open reading frame (ORF) corresponding to the C-terminal region of protein A (Johnson et al. 2000), whereas the B1 ORF is absent from BoV RNA3 (Gene Bank Accession No. AF329080;Harper 1994). The function of protein B1 is not known, while the function of the FHV B2 protein has recently been identified as a potent RNA-silencing inhibitor that renders infected plant cells or Drosophila spp. cells less resistant to the virus (Li et al. 2002).Independent of its protein encoding potential, it has been suggested that RNA3 may act as a transactivator in the replication of RNA2 (Eckerle & Ball 2002). In contrast, RNA3 synthesis is suppressed by the replication of RNA2 (Zhong & Rueckert 1993). RNA3 has not been characterized in fish nodaviruses, although Delsert et al. (1997) detected an RNA segment of 0.4 kb in sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax larvae infected with D. labrax encephalitis virus (Dl EV). Iwamoto et al. (2001) also detected a faster migrating RNA (0.4 kb) from fish cells (E-11 cell line, a cloned version of SSN-1) that had been transfected with in vitro transcribed striped-jack nervous necrosis ...

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The Structure and Function of Nodavirus Particles: A Paradigm for Understanding Chemical Biology

Cited by 104 publications

References 73 publications

Systemic spread of an RNA insect virus in plants expressing plant viral movement protein genes

Systemic spread of an RNA insect virus in plants expressing plant viral movement protein genes

Betanodavirus: Mitochondrial disruption and necrotic cell death

Complete sequence of RNA1 and subgenomic RNA3 of Atlantic halibut nodavirus (AHNV)

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