The wars in Afghanistan and Iraq have absorbed our attention both as citizens and professionals. A new generation of veterans may be at risk for life course disturbances implicated by exposure to war-zone stressors and adversities. I describe these new conflicts and use this as a backdrop to review the state of the field with respect to military trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder, early intervention, and risk and resilience research. Throughout, I offer recommendations for future research.The war in Afghanistan, and especially the war in Iraq, will produce a new generation of veterans at risk for the chronic mental health problems that result in part from exposure to the hardship and trauma of war-zone experiences. These risks have been described and discussed repeatedly in the media and have absorbed the attention of policy-makers and health care providers in the Departments of Defense (DoD) and Veterans Affairs (DVA). Many of the challenges service members face in these new wars reflect well-documented universal psychological themes of combat (e.g., Kulka et al., 1990). However, it is incumbent on social and clinical scientists to appreciate the unique phenomenology, demands, and contexts of each new conflict to maximize the validity of research questions and policy recommendations. In this article, I provide a summary of some of the demands and risks of the deployments to Iraq and Afghanistan. I use this as an embarking point to review the current state of the field of knowledge about recovery from trauma, early intervention for trauma, and risk and resilience factors that affect the course of