The Steady-State Theory of the Expanding Universe

Bondi, Hermann; Gold, T.

doi:10.1093/mnras/108.3.252

Cited by 552 publications

(323 citation statements)

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“…Theories in which periods of light are lost to the extent to which the remaining ones expand do not predict this time dilation effect. Bondi & Gold (1948) argued that only in a universe that is homogeneous and unchanging on the large scale, i.e., in which their "perfect cosmological principle" holds, there is any basis for the assumption that the laws of physics are constant. Since they also interpreted the cosmic redshift as a Doppler shift, they were led to the steady-state theory, in which creation (out of nothing) is an on-going process by which the matter density in an expanding universe is kept constant.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since they also interpreted the cosmic redshift as a Doppler shift, they were led to the steady-state theory, in which creation (out of nothing) is an on-going process by which the matter density in an expanding universe is kept constant. This sets the steady-state theory (Bondi & Gold 1948, Hoyle 1948 apart from Epicurean cosmology, in which the perfect cosmological principle was also implied, while creation out of nothing was considered as impossible.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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From magnitudes and redshifts of supernovae, their light-curves, and angular sizes of galaxies to a tenable cosmology

Traunmüller

2014

Astrophys Space Sci

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Early physical cosmologies were based on interpretations of the cosmic redshift for which there was insufficient evidence and on theories of gravitation that appear to be falsified by galactic dynamics. Eventually, the big bang paradigm came to be guarded against refutation by ad hoc hypotheses (dark matter, cosmic inflation, dark energy) and free parameters. Presently available data allow a more satisfactory phenomenological approach. Using data on magnitude and redshift from 892 type Ia supernovae, it is first shown that these suggest that the redshift factor (1 + z) is simply an exponential function of distance and that, for "standard candles", magnitude m = 5 log[(1 + z) ln(1 + z)] + const. While these functions are incompatible with a big bang, they characterize certain tired light models as well as exponential expansion models. However, the former are falsified by the stretched light curves of distant supernovae and the latter by the absence of a predicted 1+z increase in the angular sizes of galaxies. Instead, the observations suggest that physical processes speed up and objects contract uniformly as an exponential function of time, standards of measurement not excluded, and only free waves being excepted. Distant events proceed, then, more slowly, while angular sizes remain unaffected, approximately as observed. Since all objects contract in proportion, the Universe retains a static appearance. A corresponding physical theory, which should also explain galactic dynamics, remains yet to be derived from first principles. A way to do this, satisfying also Mach"s principle, is vaguely suggested.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From magnitudes and redshifts of supernovae, their light-curves, and angular sizes of galaxies to a tenable cosmology

Traunmüller

2014

Astrophys Space Sci

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“…Some puzzling results regarding the redshifts from the extra galactic objects continue to evade theoretical explanation from the bigbang type of model,nor did the discovery of CMBR necessarily prove it to be a relic of the bigbang.In fact a nonrelic interpretation of the the CMBR is also plausible [2]. 2 So alternative theories are being proposed time to time -the most wellknown being the Steady State theory by Bondi and Gold [3]. In this approach the universe does not have any singular beginning nor an end on the cosmic time scale.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

C-Field Cosmology in Higher Dimensions

Chatterjee

Banerjee

2004

General Relativity and Gravitation

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Hoyle and Narlikar's C-field cosmology is extended in the framework of higher dimensional spacetime and a class of exact solutions is obtained. Adjusting the arbitrary constants of integration one can show that our model is amenable to the desirable property of dimensional reduction so that the universe ends up in an effective 4D one.Further with matter creation from the C-field the mass density steadies with time and the usual bigbang singularity is avoided. An alternative mechanism is also suggested which seems to provide matter creation in the 4D spacetime although total matter in the 5D world remains conserved. Quintessence phenomenon and energy conditions are also discussed and it is found that in line with the physical requirements our model admits a solution with a decelerating phase in the early era followed by an accelerated expansion later. Moreover, as the contribution from the C-field is made negligible a class of our solutions reduces to the previously known higher dimensional models in the framework of Einstein's theory.

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“…Therefore, to overcome the singularities of big-bang cosmology, the alternative theories were proposed from time to time; the best well known theory was steady state theory of Bondi and Gold [2]. In this theory, the steady state model does not have any singular beginning or an end on the cosmic time scale and the statistical properties of the large scale features of the universe do not change.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To overcome this difficulty, Hoyle and Narlikar [3] adopted a field theoretical approach by introducing a massless and charge less scalar field C in the Einstein-Hilbert action to account for matter creation. According to Hoyle and Narlikar [3], in the C-field theory there is no big-bang type of singularity as in the steady state theory of Bondi and Gold [2,16]. Narlikar et al [4] pointed out that the matter creation is accomplished at the expense of negative energy C-field.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%