From magnitudes and redshifts of supernovae, their light-curves, and angular sizes of galaxies to a tenable cosmology

Abstract

Early physical cosmologies were based on interpretations of the cosmic redshift for which there was insufficient evidence and on theories of gravitation that appear to be falsified by galactic dynamics. Eventually, the big bang paradigm came to be guarded against refutation by ad hoc hypotheses (dark matter, cosmic inflation, dark energy) and free parameters. Presently available data allow a more satisfactory phenomenological approach. Using data on magnitude and redshift from 892 type Ia supernovae, it is first shown that these suggest that the redshift factor (1 + z) is simply an exponential function of distance and that, for "standard candles", magnitude m = 5 log[(1 + z) ln(1 + z)] + const. While these functions are incompatible with a big bang, they characterize certain tired light models as well as exponential expansion models. However, the former are falsified by the stretched light curves of distant supernovae and the latter by the absence of a predicted 1+z increase in the angular sizes of galaxies. Instead, the observations suggest that physical processes speed up and objects contract uniformly as an exponential function of time, standards of measurement not excluded, and only free waves being excepted. Distant events proceed, then, more slowly, while angular sizes remain unaffected, approximately as observed. Since all objects contract in proportion, the Universe retains a static appearance. A corresponding physical theory, which should also explain galactic dynamics, remains yet to be derived from first principles. A way to do this, satisfying also Mach"s principle, is vaguely suggested.

Does standard cosmology really predict the cosmic microwave background?

“…Although the deficiencies disclosed here can be judged as completely unacceptable, other ones need to be addressed as well (López-Corredoira, 2017;Merritt, 2017;Spergel, 2015;Traunmüller, 2014;Traunmüller, 2018). Just consider that both Λ (dark energy) and CDM (cold dark matter) have remained in the imaginary realm and so merely represent mythical factors or immunizing tactics (also called "conventionalist stratagems") that protect a doctrine from empirical falsification (Merritt, 2017).…”

Towards a More Well-Founded Cosmology

“…Recently, an analysis of redshift and magnitude data from 892 type Ia supernovae, which are the best "standard candles" we have, has shown that the two D's that can be calculated on the basis of redshift (1) and flux (3) are proportional to each other (Traunmüller, 2014), so that astronomical magnitude m satisfies the relation…”

“…If neither Ω M nor Ω Λ was fictitious, an alternative that conforms to (4) directly would still be preferred because of the parsimony principle. (4) suggested by each individual one of the 892 supernovae of type Ia considered in Traunmüller (2014). It is here plotted against the z-based distance according to (2).…”

Mass of the Universe and the Redshift

“…Ghosh [4] has introduced a velocity dependent 'inertial induction' model as a possible mechanism for explaining the redshift in a quasi-static infinite universe. More recently, Marosi [5], Traunmuller [6], Orlov and Raikov [7], and others have shown that the static or slowly expanding universe models are viable alternatives to the standard ΛCDM models. López-Corredoira [8] in his most recent publication has critically analysed static and expansion models and established that both the approaches have unexplained gaps and arbitrariness.…”