The Status of Domestic Water Demand: Supply Deficit in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Udmale, Parmeshwar; Ishidaira, Hiroshi; Thapa, Bhesh Raj; Shakya, Narendra Man

doi:10.3390/w8050196

Cited by 66 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The deficit (255 MLD in the wet season and 301 MLD in the dry season) of water demand and supply is assumed to be met through privately dug wells, tube wells, water tankers from vendors (both spring and groundwater), stone spouts, rainwater harvesting, and water bottle industries. A recent study [28] estimated that the deficit will further increase to reach 322 MLD by 2021, and groundwater recharge will also decrease with increasing runoff [29], contributing to water insecurity in KV. A short-term solution to address the deficit could be harvesting an additional 67 MLD in the dry season and 87 MLD in the wet season from the hills surrounding the valley [30].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Water Security in Kathmandu Valley before and after Water Transfer from another Basin

Thapa

Ishidaira

Pandey³

et al. 2018

Water

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Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL) has planned to harness water from outside the valley from Melamchi as an inter-basin project to supply water inside the ring road (core valley area) of the Kathmandu Valley (KV). The project, called the "Melamchi Water Supply Project (MWSP)", is expected to have its first phase completed by the end of September 2018 and its second phase completed by the end of 2023 to supply 170 MLD (million liters a day) through the first phase and an additional 340 MLD through the second phase. The area has recently faced a severe water deficit and KUKL's existing infrastructure has had a limited capability, supplying only 19% of the water that is demanded in its service areas during the dry season and 31% during the wet season. In this context, this study aims to assess the temporal trends and spatial distribution of household water security index (WSI), defined as a ratio of supply to demand for domestic water use for basic human water requirements (50 L per capita per day (lpcd)) and economic growth (135 lpcd) as demand in preand post-MWSP scenarios. For this purpose, data on water demand and supply with infrastructure were used to map the spatial distribution of WSI and per capita water supply using ArcMap. Results show a severe water insecurity condition in the year 2017 in all KUKL service areas (SAs), which is likely to improve after completion of the MWSP. It is likely that recent distribution network and strategies may lead to inequality in water distribution within the SAs. This can possibly be addressed by expanding existing distribution networks and redistributing potable water, which can serve an additional 1.21 million people in the area. Service providers may have to develop strategies to strengthen a set of measures including improving water supply infrastructures, optimizing water loss, harnessing additional water from hills, and managing water within and outside the KUKL SAs in the long run to cover the entire KV.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SAs are the area defined by KUKL for their service delivery purpose based on their branch office. The ward and VDC level annual population beyond 2011 was projected based on exponential growth formula as follows as estimated by [28]:…”

Section: Estimation Of Potable Water Demand and Supplymentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Water Security in Kathmandu Valley before and after Water Transfer from another Basin

Thapa

Ishidaira

Pandey³

et al. 2018

Water

Self Cite

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“…As far as Kathmandu valley is concerned, the demand for water is 366 million litres per day (ML/D) whereas the city supply is only between 69 and 115 ML/D in dry and wet seasons (Udmale, et al, 2016) and this supply is irregular and intermittent. Thus there is an acute shortage of water supply in the valley.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of Compliance of Sealed Bottled Water with Nepal Drinking Water Quality Standard: A Case of Bhaktapur Municipality, Nepal

et al. 2019

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Bottled water is generally considered safe for drinking. However, several studies have reported the substandard quality of bottled water. Physico-chemical assessment of ten different brands of bottled water distributed in Bhaktapur Municipality was carried out from January 2018 to March 2018. In total, one hundred bottled water samples consisting of ten different brands were collected randomly from various retail outlets.Eight selected physico-chemical and microbiological parameters were analysed following standard methods, and the results were compared with the Nepal Drinking Water Quality Standard (NDWQS) (2005). Out of one hundred samples, sixty-nine samples did not comply with the standard pH limit. Other physico-chemical parameters were found to comply with the standard though variations were observed in the concentrations among different brands. Microbial contamination was not found in any brands of the bottled water samples considered in this study. However, it is necessary to examine other contaminants such as heavy metals, minerals, and chemicals to know the overall quality of water. Moreover, the regulatory bodies are required to strictly monitor water processing companies for the maintenance of the quality of bottled water. brand name, manufacture and expiry date were also inspected in the collected samples.Bhaktapur Municipality has ten wards. Therefore, to cover all the municipal territory in the sampling process, at least one sample of each brand of bottled water was collected from each ward. A simple random sampling technique was used to choose a particular retail outlet such as a department store, grocery shop, restaurant, and canteen. A total of one hundred number of bottled water samples (ten samples from each brand) were

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“…In a recent study [15], water consumption was estimated to be 37 LPCD, which is arguably less than previous estimates. Studies focused on estimating the water demand for the valley used the per capita consumption value provided by Bureau of Indian Standards [16]. Such an assumption is unsuitable for the valley, considering that water consumption could be location specific.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of Domestic Water Consumption in the Urban Area of the Kathmandu Valley: Situation Analysis Pre and Post 2015 Gorkha Earthquake

Shrestha

Aihara

Bhattarai³

et al. 2017

Water

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Information regarding domestic water consumption is vital, as the Kathmandu Valley will soon be implementing the Melamchi Water Supply Project; however, updated information on the current situation after the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake (GEQ) is still lacking. We investigated the dynamics of domestic water consumption pre-and post-GEQ. The piped water supply was short, and consumption varied widely across the Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL) branches and altitude. The reduction in piped, ground, and jar water consumption and the increase in tanker water consumption post-GEQ appeared to be due to the impact of the GEQ. However, the impact did not appear to be prominent on per capita water consumption, although it was reduced from 117 to 99 L post-GEQ. Piped, ground, and tanker water use were associated with an increase and jar water use was associated with a decrease in water consumption. Despite improvements in quantity, inequality in water consumption and inequity in affordability across wealth status was well established. This study suggests to KUKL the areas of priority where improvements to supply are required, and recommends an emphasis on resuming performance. Policy planners should consider the existing inequity in affordability, which is a major issue in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

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The Status of Domestic Water Demand: Supply Deficit in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Cited by 66 publications

References 10 publications

Evaluation of Water Security in Kathmandu Valley before and after Water Transfer from another Basin

Evaluation of Water Security in Kathmandu Valley before and after Water Transfer from another Basin

Study of Compliance of Sealed Bottled Water with Nepal Drinking Water Quality Standard: A Case of Bhaktapur Municipality, Nepal

Dynamics of Domestic Water Consumption in the Urban Area of the Kathmandu Valley: Situation Analysis Pre and Post 2015 Gorkha Earthquake

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