“…Previous studies on hoax news focused on investigating the meaning of each word or sentence and the purposes of their usages based on linguistic theories like discourse, critical discourse analysis, and cognitive linguistics (Volkova et al, 2017;Walsh, 2006;Pérez, 2012;Marbun, 2020). Besides linguistics, psychology also widely discusses hoax news to explain what motivates people to spread hoaxes (Rahayu et al, 2019;Ilahi, 2018) and other social theories such as social network analysis (Ginting, Manongga, & Sembiring, 2018).…”