The Spm (En) transposable element controls the excision of a 2-kb DNA insert at the wxm-8
 
 allele of Zea mays

Schwarz‐Sommer, Zsuzsanna; Gierl, Alfons; Klösgen, Ralf Bernd; Wienand, Udo; Petérson, Peter A.; Saedler, Heinz

doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1984.tb01922.x

Cited by 173 publications

(127 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Genomic DNA for cloning and Southern blots was prepared from pea (Pisum sativum cv. Rosakrone) as described (25). Pea DNA (160 ,g) was partially digested with Mbo I and size-fractionated in a 10-40% sucrose gradient.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential intron loss and endosymbiotic transfer of chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes to the nucleus.

Liaud

Zhang

Cerff

1990

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is composed of two different subunits, GAPA and GAPB, which are encoded in the nucleus by two related genes of eubacterial origin. In the present work the genes encoding chloroplast GAPA and GAPB from pea have been cloned and sequenced. The gene for GAPB is split by eight introns. Two introns interrupt the region encoding the transit peptide and six are found within the region encoding the mature subunit, four of which are in identical or similar positions relative to genes for cytosolic GAPDH of eukaryotic organisms. As opposed to this, the gene encoding pea GAPA has only two introns in the region encoding the mature subunit. These findings strongly support the "intron early" hypothesis and suggest that the low number of introns 'in the gene for chloroplast GAPA is due to differential loss of introns during the streamlining period of the chloroplast genome following the GAPB/GAPA separation. We deduce from this that eubacteria and chloroplasts contained GT-AG introns until relatively recently and that the duplication event leading to the genes encoding GAPB and GAPA and their respective transit peptides occurred in the chloroplast progenitor prior to the successive transfer and functional reintegration of these genes into the nuclear environment. These conclusions imply that GAPA/GAPB transit peptides are of eubacterial origin.The endosymbiotic hypothesis, suggesting that chloroplasts may be descendants of engulfed prokaryotes related to present-day cyanobacteria, dates back to an idea of Schimper in 1883 (1). It has been explicitly developed during the first two decades of this century, has later been extended to mitochondria, and has received fresh impetus in more modem times by the elaborated discussions of Margulis and other evolutionary thinkers (see refs. 2 and 3 also for historical aspects). With the advent of macromolecular sequencing techniques, evidence in favor of the symbiotic origin of chloroplasts rapidly accumulated, mainly in the form of sequence data demonstrating a relatively close relationship between chloroplast-specific genes and genes of (cyano)bacteria (refs. 4-8; for reviews see refs. 9 and 10). A recent highlight has been the determination of the complete nucleotide sequences of the chloroplast genomes from three evolutionarily distant land plants, tobacco, rice, and liverwort (for a review see ref. 11).While the genetic content of the chloroplast genome has been completely elucidated for several species, comparatively little is known about the structure and evolution of most nuclear genes encoding chloroplast components. There are hundreds of such genes (12) coding for enzymes of various metabolic pathways and for proteins of thylakoid and envelope membranes. Most of these genes must have existed in the eubacterial chloroplast progenitor, and during the course of plant cell evolution they either were transferred into the nucleus or were replaced by nuclear gene functions following duplications or modifications ofpree...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential intron loss and endosymbiotic transfer of chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes to the nucleus.

Liaud

Zhang

Cerff

1990

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…1.2 kilobases (kb) long. The TU1 element differs from most previously characterized eucaryotic transposons, which have termini consisting of either direct repeats (17,19,35,53) or short inverted repeats (4,15,43,50,51,61).…”

mentioning

confidence: 90%

TU elements: a heterogeneous family of modularly structured eucaryotic transposons.

Hoffman-Liebermann¹,

Liebermann²,

Kedes³

et al. 1985

Mol. Cell. Biol.

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We describe here a family of foldback transposons found in the genome of the higher eucaryote, the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Two major classes of TU elements have been identified by analysis of genomic DNA and TU element clones. One class consists of largely similar elements with long terminal inverted repeats (IVRs) containing outer and inner domains and sharing a common middle segment that can undergo deletions. Some of these elements contain insertions. The second class is highly heterogeneous, with many different middle segments nonhomologous to those of the first-class and variable-sized inverted repeats that contain only an outer domain. The middle and insertion segments of both classes carry sequences that also are found unassociated from the inverted repeats at many other genomic locations. We conclude that the TU elements are modular structures composed of inverted repeats plus other sequence domains that are themselves members of different families of dispersed repetitive sequences. Such modular elements may have a role in the dispersion and rearrangement of genomic DNA segments.Transposable genetic elements, which were first discovered in maize (41) and later found in bacteria (for a review, see reference 32), have been identified in a variety of animal species (52). There is increasing evidence that transposable elements may play an important role in generating genetic diversity (16). Moreover, in yeast cells, the regulation of the mating-type cassette switch involves site-specific recombinational events similar to those mediated by transposons (24, 31), as does the mechanism regulating the variant expression of surface antigens in trypanosomes (5). In Drosophila melanogaster, hybrid dysgenesis involves the P transposable element (30). Similar rearrangements have been postulated to play a role in the regulation of cell type determination and differentiation (26,42). Recent themselves members of different families of dispersed repetitive sequences. The modularity of the TU element family is reminiscent of the structure of some procaryotic transposons (34) and suggests a possible role for these elements in the dispersion and rearrangement of segments of genomic DNA. MATERIALS AND METHODSGeneral methods. Restriction enzymes were obtained from New England Biolabs or Bethesda Research Laboratories and used according to the instructions of the manufacturers. DNA fragments were isolated by electroelution from either agarose or acrylamide preparative gels after fractionation of the appropriately digested DNA. Further purification by multiple phenol, phenol-chloroform, and chloroform extractions was followed by precipitation with ethanol and resuspension in a small volume (50 to 100 ,ul) of doubly distilled water. Fragments used as hybridization probes were radioactively labeled by nick translation (48). Both acrylamide and agarose gels were run in TBE buffer (0.089 M Tris-borate [pH 8.3], 20 mM EDTA). Fragments of k HindlIl-and pBR322 HinfI-digested DNA were used as molecular weight standar...

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“…previously described (Schwarz-Sommer et aL, 1984). Therefore, only insertions or deletions of single amino acids or frame shift mutations were detected (Figure 4a and b).…”

Section: Molecular Analysis Of Germinal Excision Productsmentioning

confidence: 58%

“…Genomic DNA was purified according to Schwarz-Sommer et aL (1984) with a subsequent CsCI gradient (Sambrook et al, 1989). For the cloning of a 3.2 kb.…”

Section: Isolation and Analysis Of Genomic C/onesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular analysis of protein domain function encoded by the myb‐homologous maize genes C1, Zm 1 and Zm 38

et al. 1994

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SummaryTwo maize genes, Zm I and Zm 38, related to the regulatory anthocyanin gene CI were analyzed molecularly and used for fusion constructs in transient domain swapping experiments with the C1 wild-type gene. It was shown that both genes (Zm 1 and Zm 38) influence the expression of the A 1 locus, a target gene for C1. Zm I activates the A1 promoter, however it does not turn on the whole anthocyenin pathway. The Zm 38 gene product shows functions similar to C1-1, a dominant inhibitor of the Clwild-type gene. Concerning the trans-inhibition by C1-1two effects seem to be involved, competition for binding and formation of heterodimers. Further analysis of C1 function was carried out by a fine structure analysis of CI mutants induced by the Insertion end excision of transposable elements. These experiments Indicate that for the activating domain of the protein, the formation of an alpha helix seems to be more important than a high negative charge.

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The Spm (En) transposable element controls the excision of a 2-kb DNA insert at the wx^m-8 allele of Zea mays

Cited by 173 publications

References 33 publications

Differential intron loss and endosymbiotic transfer of chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes to the nucleus.

Differential intron loss and endosymbiotic transfer of chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes to the nucleus.

TU elements: a heterogeneous family of modularly structured eucaryotic transposons.

Molecular analysis of protein domain function encoded by the myb‐homologous maize genes C1, Zm 1 and Zm 38

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The Spm (En) transposable element controls the excision of a 2-kb DNA insert at the wxm-8 allele of Zea mays

Cited by 173 publications

References 33 publications

Differential intron loss and endosymbiotic transfer of chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes to the nucleus.

Differential intron loss and endosymbiotic transfer of chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes to the nucleus.

TU elements: a heterogeneous family of modularly structured eucaryotic transposons.

Molecular analysis of protein domain function encoded by the myb‐homologous maize genes C1, Zm 1 and Zm 38

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The Spm (En) transposable element controls the excision of a 2-kb DNA insert at the wx^m-8 allele of Zea mays