The spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2: A review of how mutations of spike glycoproteins have driven the emergence of variants with high transmissibility and immune escape

Souza, Pedro Filho Noronha; Mesquita, Felipe Pantoja; Amaral, Jackson L.; Landim, Patrícia G.C.; Lima, Karollyny Roger Pereira; Costa, Marcos Benedito Caldas; Farias, Izabelle Rocha; Belém, Mônica de Oliveira; Pinto, Yago O.; Moreira, Heline H.T.; Magalhães, Ilana Carneiro Lisboa; Castelo-Branco, Débora S.C.M.; Montenegro, Raquel Carvalho; Andrade, Cláudia Roberta de

doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.058

Cited by 49 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 187 publications

(281 reference statements)

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“… 1–6 These rapid alterations were aided by recombination, selection pressure and point mutations. 4 , 7 SARS-CoV-2 mutations affect the neutralizing activity of vaccine-elicited antibodies and monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), resulting in a mild-to-significant loss of effectiveness. 8–11 They may also affect viral transmission, treatment efficacy, and diagnosis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Delta variant (B.1.617.2) of SARS-CoV-2: Mutations, impact, challenges and possible solutions

Dhawan

Sharma

Choudhary

et al. 2022

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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Since commencement of COVID-19 pandemic, several SARS-CoV-2 variants have emerged amid containment efforts via vaccination. The Delta variant (B.1.617.2), discovered in October 2020, was designated as a VOC by the WHO on May 11, 2021. The enhanced transmissibility of Delta variant has been associated with critical mutations such as D614G, L452R, P681R, and T478K in the S-protein. The increased affinity of the S-protein and ACE2 has been postulated as a key reason for decreased vaccine efficacy. As per evidence, the Delta variant possesses increased transmissibility and decreased vaccine efficacy compared to other VOCs like Alpha and Beta. This has led to concerns regarding the acquisition of novel mutations in the Delta variant and outbreaks in vulnerable communities, including vaccinated people. In this mini-review of Delta variant, we have explained its evolution and characteristics, the impact of spike mutations on infectivity and immune evasion, and measures to combat future outbreaks.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Delta variant (B.1.617.2) of SARS-CoV-2: Mutations, impact, challenges and possible solutions

Dhawan

Sharma

Choudhary

et al. 2022

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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“…However, a threshold titer capable of predicting breakthrough infection has yet to be defined. Moreover, with the diffusion of the virus variants and the relative possibility of immune escape, vaccination, in the case of infection, does not eliminate the risk of contagion but can significantly reduce the clinical consequences [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibody Response in Healthcare Workers before and after the Third Dose of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine: A Pilot Study

et al. 2022

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The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic led to the development of various vaccines. The BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine was the first approved due to its efficacy in eliciting a humoral immunity response after the second dose. However, a decrease in the antibody concentration was observed over time. Therefore, the administration of a third dose was scheduled, primarily for frail people and workers of essential public activities. The aim of this study was to assess the level of antibodies against the spike (S) RBD of SARS-CoV-2 in healthcare workers before and after the third dose of BNT162b2 vaccine, according to sex, age, and the time interval between vaccine doses and tests. All 37 (12 males, 25 females, 19 < 50 years old, 18 ≥ 50 years old) healthcare workers recruited showed a consistent antibody titer increase after the third dose. Data analysis showed that the antibody concentration before the third dose significantly decreased as the time interval up to the test increased, and a significantly higher level was shown in young than older people. Cluster analysis revealed that young females had a higher antibody level than older females before the third dose (p < 0.05). This study indicated the benefit of the third dose of BNT162b2 vaccine and its effect on leveling up the humoral immune response.

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“…It also facilitates the immune escape mechanism by increasing receptor-binding affinity freely on antibody recognition of epitopes. [1] , [101] , [102] 7. Y505H Y505H mutation causing in reduced protein stability and an augmented risk of viral disease [103] 8.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Omicron (B.1.1.529) - A new heavily mutated variant: Mapped location and probable properties of its mutations with an emphasis on S-glycoprotein

Chakraborty

Bhattacharya²,

Sharma³

et al. 2022

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules

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The spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2: A review of how mutations of spike glycoproteins have driven the emergence of variants with high transmissibility and immune escape

Cited by 49 publications

References 187 publications

Delta variant (B.1.617.2) of SARS-CoV-2: Mutations, impact, challenges and possible solutions

Delta variant (B.1.617.2) of SARS-CoV-2: Mutations, impact, challenges and possible solutions

Antibody Response in Healthcare Workers before and after the Third Dose of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine: A Pilot Study

Omicron (B.1.1.529) - A new heavily mutated variant: Mapped location and probable properties of its mutations with an emphasis on S-glycoprotein

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