The speed of kill of fluralaner (Bravecto¿) against Ixodes ricinus ticks on dogs

Wengenmayer, Christina; Williams, Heike; Zschiesche, Eva; Moritz, Andreas; Langenstein, Judith; Roepke, Rainer K. A.; Heckeroth, Anja R.

doi:10.1186/preaccept-2103142870137452

Cited by 30 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Until 2014, tick control compounds for dogs were available as spot-ons, sprays or collars exhibiting its tick-killing efficacy via blood meal and/or contact exposure/repellency [13]. In the speed of kill studies from Wengenmayer et al [9], it was demonstrated that orally-administered fluralaner starts to kill ticks present on the dog as early as 4 h (89.6 %), showing almost complete tick-killing efficacy within 12 h after treatment over the entire 12-week period of efficacy. These results are confirmed in this study by the excellent efficacy results against ticks (see Table 1).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As fluralaner is a systemic acting ectoparasiticide; its efficacy depends on ticks attaching to the host’s skin and commencing to feed, thereby ingesting the active compound. Due to its rapid speed of killing within 12 h after tick attachment [9], the potential of orally administered fluralaner to prevent B. canis transmission was tested in the outlined study.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevention of transmission of Babesia canis by Dermacentor reticulatus ticks to dogs treated orally with fluralaner chewable tablets (Bravecto™)

et al. 2015

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BackgroundThe preventive effect of fluralaner chewable tablets (Bravecto™) against transmission of Babesia canis by Dermacentor reticulatus ticks was evaluated.MethodsSixteen dogs, tested negative for B. canis by PCR and IFAT, were allocated to two study groups. On day 0, dogs in one group (n = 8) were treated once orally with a fluralaner chewable tablet according to label recommendations and dogs in the control group (n = 8) remained untreated. On days 2, 28, 56, 70 and 84, dogs were infested with 50 (±4) B. canis infected D. reticulatus ticks with tick in situ thumb counts 48 ± 4 h post-infestation. Prior to each infestation, the D. reticulatus ticks were confirmed to harbour B. canis by PCR analysis. On day 90, ticks were counted and removed from all dogs. Efficacy against ticks was calculated for each assessment time point. After treatment, all dogs were physically examined in conjunction with blood collection for PCR every 7 days, blood samples for IFAT were collected every 14 days and the dog’s rectal body temperature was measured thrice weekly. From dogs displaying symptoms of babesiosis or were PCR positive, a blood smear was taken, and, if positive, dogs were rescue treated and replaced with a replacement dog. The preventive effect was evaluated by comparing infected dogs in the treated group with infected dogs in the untreated control group.ResultsAll control dogs became infected with B. canis, as confirmed by PCR and IFAT. None of the 8 treated dogs became infected with B. canis, as IFAT and PCR were negative throughout the study until day 112. Fluralaner chewable tablet was 100 % effective against ticks on days 4, 30, 58, and 90 and an efficacy of 99.6 % and 99.2 % was achieved on day 72 and day 86 after treatment, respectively. Over the 12-week study duration, a 100 % preventive effect against B. canis transmission was demonstrated.ConclusionsA single oral administration of fluralaner chewable tablets effectively prevented the transmission of B. canis by infected D. reticulatus ticks over a 12-week period.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevention of transmission of Babesia canis by Dermacentor reticulatus ticks to dogs treated orally with fluralaner chewable tablets (Bravecto™)

et al. 2015

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“…This requirement is generally understood by the animal health industry, and most products marketed recently have been tested and compared for the speed of their onset of action Wengenmayer et al, 2014;Beugnet et al, 2016;Blair et al, 2016;. Recent compounds deriving from the fairly new chemical class of isoxazolines (Weber and Selzer, 2016) exhibit their ectoparasitic action against both, insects and acari of veterinary importance, within hours, and certainly reduce the risk of Survival in flea feces estimated to be at least 3 days.…”

Section: Drug Profile For Blocking Pathogen Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, requirements for new ectoparasitic drugs should include not only the control of ectoparasites for a certain period of time, but also address their ability to block the transmission of the various vector-borne pathogens by a rapid onset of action. In this scope, "speed of kill" has become an important commercial differentiator for recent marketed products Wengenmayer et al, 2014;Beugnet et al, 2016;Blair et al, 2016; and many studies have been designed for testing the ability of those products to block transmission of some important pathogens of cats like Bartonella henselae (Bradbury and Lappin, 2010), and of dogs like Dipilidium caninum (Fourie et al, 2013a), Leishmania infantum (Brianti et al, 2014), Ehrlichia canis (Jongejan et al, 2015), Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Honsberger et al, 2016), and Babesia canis Taenzler et al, 2016). These studies all report a complete prevention of pathogen transmission by fast elimination of the vector.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blocking Transmission of Vector‐borne Diseases

Schorderet‐Weber¹,

Noack²,

Selzer³

et al. 2018

Ectoparasites

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a b s t r a c tVector-borne diseases are responsible for significant health problems in humans, as well as in companion and farm animals. Killing the vectors with ectoparasitic drugs before they have the opportunity to pass on their pathogens could be the ideal way to prevent vector borne diseases. Blocking of transmission might work when transmission is delayed during blood meal, as often happens in ticks. The recently described systemic isoxazolines have been shown to successfully prevent disease transmission under conditions of delayed pathogen transfer. However, if the pathogen is transmitted immediately at bite as it is the case with most insects, blocking transmission becomes only possible if ectoparasiticides prevent the vector from landing on or, at least, from biting the host. Chemical entities exhibiting repellent activity in addition to fast killing, like pyrethroids, could prevent pathogen transmission even in cases of immediate transfer. Successful blocking depends on effective action in the context of the extremely diverse life-cycles of vectors and vector-borne pathogens of medical and veterinary importance which are summarized in this review. This complexity leads to important parameters to consider for ectoparasiticide research and when considering the ideal drug profile for preventing disease transmission.

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“…Fluralaner, afoxolaner and sarolaner are recently introduced isoxazoline acaricides, and are administered orally and distributed systemically. Systemically distributed acaricides can kill attached ticks at any location on the body when the tick feeds [8, 10]; therefore, systemically distributed isoxazolines may be expected to have better immediate efficacy, because they are quickly and widely distributed in the blood circulation. Cutaneously distributed acaricides depend on diffusion to spread over the body surface on the skin, typically in the lipid layer [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparative laboratory trial evaluating the immediate efficacy of fluralaner, afoxolaner, sarolaner and imidacloprid + permethrin against adult Rhipicephalus sanguineus (sensu lato) ticks attached to dogs

Burgio

Meyer

Armstrong³

2016

Parasites Vectors

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BackgroundAcaricides are used to treat and prevent tick infestations, and a common clinical scenario is to administer an acaricide on observing an attached tick. Consequently, immediate acaricidal efficacy (onset of activity and speed of kill) results are clinically valuable. This study evaluated the immediate efficacy of four commercially available acaricides against adult Rhipicephalus sanguineus (sensu lato).MethodsForty dogs were blocked on hair length and tick carrying capacity, then randomly assigned to receive one of four treatments (fluralaner, sarolaner, imidacloprid + permethrin, or afoxolaner) or left untreated as controls. All dogs were challenged with 50 adult R. sanguineus (s.l.) ticks 48 h prior to treatment. After treatment, in situ tick thumb counts were conducted at 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h; thereafter ticks were removed and counted at 48 h.ResultsImidacloprid + permethrin had the earliest onset of activity at 2 h (36.9% efficacy) followed at 4 h by fluralaner (60.2% efficacy) and sarolaner (48.2% efficacy), and lastly afoxolaner at 8 h (90.8% efficacy). Three oral treatments had an 8 h speed of kill (>90% efficacy) threshold; with corresponding efficacies as: fluralaner (99.6%), sarolaner (94.7%) and afoxolaner (90.8%). Fluralaner and sarolaner achieved 100% efficacy at 12, 24 and 48 h; afoxolaner achieved 100% efficacy at 48 h. Imidacloprid + permethrin achieved 80.1% efficacy at 48 h, therefore, failing to attain the speed of kill 90% efficacy threshold.ConclusionThe systemically distributed isoxazolines performed much better than cutaneously distributed imidacloprid + permethrin and are optimal treatment choices against attached ticks based on the combination of earlier onset of activity and speed of kill. Fluralaner had a 4 h onset of activity, an 8 h speed of kill and achieved 100% efficacy at 12 h.

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The speed of kill of fluralaner (Bravecto¿) against Ixodes ricinus ticks on dogs

Cited by 30 publications

References 17 publications

Prevention of transmission of Babesia canis by Dermacentor reticulatus ticks to dogs treated orally with fluralaner chewable tablets (Bravecto™)

Prevention of transmission of Babesia canis by Dermacentor reticulatus ticks to dogs treated orally with fluralaner chewable tablets (Bravecto™)

Blocking Transmission of Vector‐borne Diseases

A comparative laboratory trial evaluating the immediate efficacy of fluralaner, afoxolaner, sarolaner and imidacloprid + permethrin against adult Rhipicephalus sanguineus (sensu lato) ticks attached to dogs

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