“…Second, the liver also contains a large resident population of activated defense cells—including macrophages [ 13 ], dendritic cells [ 14 ], mast cells [ 15 ], cytotoxic natural killer (NK) cells and T lymphocytes [ 16 ]—that provide an enhanced innate immune response, while are maintaining a tolerogenic state to avoid chronic inflammation [ 17 , 18 ]. In turn, hepatic immune tolerance may be responsible for the increased prevalence of autoimmunity, infectious diseases and malignancies, because the hepatic territory does not significantly object the implantation and growth of microorganisms—as for example malaria sporozoites [ 19 ], fungi [ 20 ], progenitor hematopoietic cells [ 21 ], and even cancer cells. Third, the liver contains a heterogeneous population of parenchyma cells—hepatocytes and cholangiocytes—and non-parenchymal stromal cells—mainly portal fibroblasts and perisinusoidal stellate cells— [ 22 , 23 ].…”