The spectrophotometric determination of Ampicillin

Smith, J. W. G.; Grey, G. E. de; Patel, Vindhiya

doi:10.1039/an9679200247

Cited by 81 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…[16][17][18] The loading efficiency of all the particles was calculated to be 80%-87% for the Tat-functionalized and nonfunctionalized liposomes loaded with vancomycin, 65%-72% with methicillin, and 71%-74% with ampicillin.…”

Section: Preparation Of Liposomes Loaded With Antibioticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tat-functionalized liposomes for the treatment of meningitis: an in vitro study

Garcia¹,

Shi²,

Webster³

2017

IJN

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Bacterial meningitis has become a global concern, because of the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. It has been demonstrated that liposomes can enter bacteria, thus providing a possible treatment for numerous infections, including meningitis. Fusogenic liposomes are pH-sensitive with a high capacity to fuse with the bacteria membrane and promote intracellular drug release. Moreover, this ability can be improved by using cell-penetrating peptides (such as Tat47–57, which is a peptide derived from the Tat protein of HIV). The purpose of this in vitro study was to demonstrate for the first time the ability of the presently prepared fusogenic liposomes, which were spherical particles with a diameter of 100 nm loaded with antibiotics and functionalized with-cell penetrating peptides (Tat 47–57 ), to fight the main bacteria that cause meningitis. For this, vancomycin, methicillin, and ampicillin antibiotics were loaded inside fusogenic liposomes to fight Streptococcus pneumoniae , methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus , and Escherichia coli . Antibacterial activity of Tat-functionalized and nonfunctionalized liposomes loaded with antibiotics was tested by determining bacteria colony-forming units and growth-curve assays coupled with live/dead assays using fluorescence microscopy. Results showed a remarkable decrease in antibiotic minimum inhibitory concentration when all of the bacteria were treated with these novel liposomes, especially for the functionalized liposomes loaded with methicillin. With antibiotic concentrations of 1.7–3 µg/mL for Tat-functionalized liposomes loaded with methicillin, the bacteria population was totally eradicated. Cytotoxicity tests with astrocytes and endothelial cells, major cellular components of the blood–brain barrier, were also performed for all of the liposomes, including free antibiotic and the Tat peptide. Results showed much promise for the further study of the presently formulated liposomes to treat meningitis.

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Section: Preparation Of Liposomes Loaded With Antibioticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tat-functionalized liposomes for the treatment of meningitis: an in vitro study

Garcia¹,

Shi²,

Webster³

2017

IJN

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“…The synthesis procedure for CMPA was described in previous work [32,33]. Brief steps are given below.…”

Section: Synthesis Of Cmpa Hapten and Antigensmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This experiment showed that antibodies induced by the antigen (KLH-GSH-HgCl) could specifically bind to mercuric ions [17]. Penicillin, an unstable compound, could be derived as a stable mercuric or copper mercaptide of penicillenic acid (MMPA or CMPA) and used for self-determination via catalysis of imidazole [32,33]. The derivative of MMPA or CMPA has a unique oxazolone ring instead of the β-lactamic ring in penicillin (Figure 1).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The structure of the oxazolone ring in MMPA/CMPA results in characteristic ultraviolet absorption at about 325 nm [32,33], which could be useful for identification.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this work, we synthesized a derivative of CMPA based on penicillin degradation [32,33] and successfully used the derivative as a novel copper ion hapten. As will be shown below, the hapten could be used as an effective bi- …”

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confidence: 99%

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Synthesis and characteristics of a novel artificial hapten using the copper mercaptide of penicillenic acid from penicillin G for immunoassay of heavy metal ions

Xie

Fan

et al. 2011

Sci. China Life Sci.

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In this paper, we describe the synthesis of a novel copper ion hapten using the copper mercaptide of penicillenic acid (CMPA) derived from penicillin. Results from tests with immune rabbits indicate that: (i) A new antigen synthesized with CMPA has good stability and is safe for immunizing animals with no toxic phenomena being found in animal experiments; (ii) the immunogenic antigen (CMPA-BSA) can stimulate the immune system to produce specific antibodies with high titrations, up to 150000; and (iii) antibodies in antisera showed higher affinity to OVA-GSH-CuCl than OVA-GSH, which indicates that the antibodies have specific affinity towards copper ions. These results confirm that the novel hapten and relevant antigen for copper ion have been successfully synthesized, giving progress towards an immunoassay for copper ions in environmental and food samples. Heavy metals are a class of persistent toxic contaminants and residues found at various levels in the environment and in agricultural and industrial products [1]. Unlike carbon-based contaminants that can be completely degraded to relatively harmless products, metal ions can be transformed in only a limited number of ways through chemical or biological remediation processes [2]. What is worse, through biomagnifications, heavy metal ions existing in the environment can invade the human body and remain there for a long time, posing a serious threat to human health [3].Copper is an essential element of some metalloenzymes necessary for the normal course of biochemical processes but, like other heavy metals, it is toxic at high concentration [4,5]. All of these factors pose potential risks for the environment and human health [6] and therefore copper and other heavy metals must be monitored and identified in the environment. The traditional technologies for detecting heavy metals are instrument-based measurements such as atomic absorption spectrometry [7], inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy (ICP-AES and ICP-MS) [8] and stripping voltammetry [9]. Although these conventional instruments accurately detect the amount of metal in an individual sample, they all require expensive laboratory equipment in a centralized facility and sample turnaround is slow. In addition, instrumental analyses provide no information about the metal oxidation state.In this case, immunoassays based on the affinity and specificity of an antigen-antibody reaction offer an alternative approach in the field of metal ion measurement. Com-

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