The Southern Annular Mode: Variability, trends, and climate impacts across the Southern Hemisphere

Fogt, Ryan L.; Marshall, Gareth J.

doi:10.1002/wcc.652

Cited by 242 publications

(249 citation statements)

References 198 publications

(467 reference statements)

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“…Hence, springtime ozone anomalies in Antarctica can be used as a predictor of subsequent summer precipitation for South America and Australia. A similar link between ozone anomalies and precipitation has also been established for Antarctica [ 34 ].…”

Section: Stratospheric Ozone Uv Radiation and Climate Interactionssupporting

confidence: 61%

Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2020

Neale

Barnes

Robson

et al. 2021

Photochem Photobiol Sci

118

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This assessment by the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) provides the latest scientific update since our most recent comprehensive assessment (Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences, 2019, 18, 595–828). The interactive effects between the stratospheric ozone layer, solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and climate change are presented within the framework of the Montreal Protocol and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. We address how these global environmental changes affect the atmosphere and air quality; human health; terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems; biogeochemical cycles; and materials used in outdoor construction, solar energy technologies, and fabrics. In many cases, there is a growing influence from changes in seasonality and extreme events due to climate change. Additionally, we assess the transmission and environmental effects of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, in the context of linkages with solar UV radiation and the Montreal Protocol.

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Section: Stratospheric Ozone Uv Radiation and Climate Interactionssupporting

confidence: 61%

Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2020

Neale

Barnes

Robson

et al. 2021

Photochem Photobiol Sci

118

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“…The SAM is the primary mode of surface climate variability in the Antarctic and Southern Ocean region (Gong and Wang 1999). It not only responds to stratospheric ozone change but also to the effects of tropospheric global warming (Wang and Cai 2013) and other large-scale climate modes, including the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) (Fogt and Marshall 2020). Dennison et al (2015) showed that the persistence and variability of the stratospheric SAM is enhanced by ozone depletion, and this leads to longer lasting coupling between the stratosphere and troposphere.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Antarctic ozone hole during 2018 and 2019

Klekociuk

Tully

Krummel

et al. 2021

J. South. Hemisph. Earth Syst. Sci.

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While the Montreal Protocol is reducing stratospheric ozone loss, recent increases in some ozone depleting substance (ODS) emissions have been identified that may impact southern hemisphere climate systems. In this study, we discuss characteristics of the 2018 and 2019 Antarctic ozone holes using surface in situ, satellite and reanalysis data to gain a better understanding of recent ozone variability. These ozone holes had strongly contrasting characteristics. In 2018, the Antarctic stratospheric vortex was relatively stable and cold in comparison to most years of the prior decade. This resulted in a large and persistent ozone hole that ranked in the upper-tercile of metrics quantifying Antarctic ozone depletion. In contrast, strong stratospheric warming in the spring of 2019 curtailed the development of the ozone hole, causing it to be anomalously small and of similar size to ozone holes in the 1980s. As known from previous studies, the ability of planetary waves to propagate into the stratosphere at high latitudes is an important factor that influences temperatures of the polar vortex and the overall amount of ozone loss in any particular year. Disturbance and warming of the vortex by strong planetary wave activity were the dominant factors in the small 2019 ozone hole. In contrast, planetary wave disturbances to the vortex in the winter-spring of 2018 were much weaker than in 2019. These results increase our understanding of the impact of Montreal Protocol controls on ODS and the effects of Antarctic ozone on the southern hemisphere climate system.

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“…In addition, these winds play a major role in driving the ocean circulation, and the uptake of carbon and heat (e.g., Hall & Visbeck, 2002; Sen Gupta & England, 2006; Toggweiler & Russell, 2008). In recent years, much attention has been paid to an intensification and poleward shift of these westerlies over the last four decades (e.g., Swart & Fyfe, 2012; Swart et al, 2015; Thomas et al, 2015; Thompson et al, 2011), the connections with the southern annular mode (e.g., Fogt & Marshall, 2020), and the wider impacts on the atmosphere and oceans (e.g., Le Quere et al, 2007; Roemmich et al, 2007; Waugh et al, 2013). However, this attention has focused primarily on changes in the zonal‐mean winds, and longitudinal variations have been largely overlooked.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contrasting Recent Trends in Southern Hemisphere Westerlies Across Different Ocean Basins

Waugh

Banerjee

Fyfe

et al. 2020

Geophysical Research Letters

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Many studies have documented the trends in the latitudinal position and strength of the midlatitude westerlies in the Southern Hemisphere. However, very little attention has been paid to the longitudinal variations of these trends. Here, we specifically focus on the zonal asymmetries in the southern hemisphere wind trends between 1980 and 2018. Meteorological reanalyses show a large strengthening and a statistically insignificant equatorward shift of peak near-surface winds over the Pacific, in contrast to a weaker strengthening and significant poleward shift over the Atlantic and Indian Ocean sectors. The reanalysis trends fall within the ensemble spread for historical climate model simulations, showing that climate models are able to capture the observed trends. Climate model simulations indicate that the differential movement of the peak westerlies is a manifestation of internal variability and is not a forced response. Implications of these asymmetries for other components of the climate system are discussed. Plain Language Summary The band of strong westerly winds in middle latitudes, which are often referred to as the midlatitude jet stream, influence not only temperature, regional storms, and precipitation but also the ocean circulation and amount of carbon and heat entering the oceans. In recent years, much attention has been paid to the observed strengthening and poleward shift of the Southern Hemisphere midlatitude jet. However, nearly all the focus has rested on trends in longitudinally averaged winds. Here we specifically focus on the longitudinal variations in trends over the last four decades. Observationally based data show that while the peak annual-averaged winds over the Atlantic and Indian Oceans have moved toward the South Pole, there has been an insignificant shift toward the equator for the peak winds over the Pacific Ocean. Simulations with climate models indicate that the underlying cause of this differential movement of the peak winds is internal atmospheric variability, and not a response to human activities. The longitudinal variations in the wind trends may have consequences for ocean gyre circulations and associated transport of heat and carbon into the oceans.

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The Southern Annular Mode: Variability, trends, and climate impacts across the Southern Hemisphere

Cited by 242 publications

References 198 publications

Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2020

Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2020

The Antarctic ozone hole during 2018 and 2019

Contrasting Recent Trends in Southern Hemisphere Westerlies Across Different Ocean Basins

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