The Antarctic ozone hole during 2018 and 2019

Klekociuk, Andrew; Tully, Matthew B.; Krummel, Paul B.; Henderson, Stuart; Smale, Dan; Querel, Richard; Nichol, Sylvia; Alexander, Simon P.; Fraser, Paul J.; Nedoluha, Gerald E.

doi:10.1071/es20010

Cited by 15 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…While the 2020 ozone hole was smaller than that in 2015, when ozone depletion was influenced by volcanic aerosols and the general absence of dynamical variability in the polar vortex (Stone et al 2017;Tully et al 2019), it showed similar persistence. The evolution of the daily area metric in 2020 up to the end of October closely matched the behaviour in 2018, when the relative absence of strong dynamical activity was also a feature (Klekociuk et al 2021).…”

Section: Ozone Hole Metricssupporting

confidence: 60%

“…We then synthesise the analysis to address our two key questions. This work complements analyses of earlier ozone holes presented in the following series of papers where further details on individual years discussed here can be obtained: , Tully et al (2011), Klekociuk et al (2014), Krummel et al (2019), Tully et al (2019) and Klekociuk et al (2021).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 58%

“…These instruments provided total column ozone information from sun-synchronous orbits using nadir measurements of backscattered solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation (UVR). The time intervals, spatial resolutions and versions of the total column ozone data, and the method used to evaluate the ozone hole metrics are provided in Klekociuk et al (2021). We also use vertically resolved backscatter measurements from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) space-borne lidar to examine the location of PSCs using the detection criteria of Pitts et al (2018).…”

Section: Satellite Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Notably, because of the unusual persistence and size of the ozone hole, particularly during November and December, the total ozone mass deficit (the sum of the daily ozone mass deficits) based on data from the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) satellite instrument was approximately 2449 Mt, second only to the value of 2560 Mt for 2006 (Table 1). A The descriptions of each metric and the method used to produce it are given in Appendix A of Klekociuk et al (2021), with the exception of Metric 8 which refers to the first date when the 5-day average of the ozone hole area falls below 0.5 M km 2 following the peak in ozone hole area. Values for 2020 are highlighted by red bold font.…”

Section: Ozone Hole Metricsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 2002, an observationally unprecedented major stratospheric warming occurred in the southern hemisphere, with the reversal of the zonal wind at 10 hPa and 60°S during mid-September (Butler et al 2017). In the spring of 2019, strong stratospheric warming occurred which rivalled the warming event in 2002 (Newman and Nash 2005;Kramarova et al 2020;Milinevsky et al 2020;Rao et al 2020;Klekociuk et al 2021;Lim et al 2021). This was a key factor in the anomalously small ozone hole of 2019.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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The Antarctic ozone hole during 2020

Klekociuk

Tully

Krummel

et al. 2022

J. South. Hemisph. Earth Syst. Sci.

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The Antarctic ozone hole remains the focus of scientific attention because of its importance to the health of the biosphere and its influence on the climate of the southern hemisphere. Here we examine the general characteristics of the 2020 Antarctic ozone hole using a variety of observational and reanalysis data and compare and contrast its behaviour with earlier years. The main feature of the 2020 ozone hole was its relatively large size, and persistence to the beginning of the 2020/2021 summer, with new maximum records being set for the ozone hole daily area and ozone mass deficit during November and December. This was in strong contrast to 2019 when the ozone hole was one of the smallest observed. We show that a key factor in 2020 was the relative stability and strength of the stratospheric polar vortex, which allowed low temperatures in the Antarctic lower stratosphere to enhance ozone depletion reactions in relative isolation from the rest of the global atmosphere. These conditions were associated with relatively weak Rossby wave activity at high southern latitudes that occurred during the strengthening westerly phase of the Quasi Biennial Oscillation as well as the emerging La Niña phase of the El Niño Southern Oscillation. A consequence of the conditions in early summer was the measurement of new maximum values of ultraviolet radiation at Australia's three Antarctic research stations of Mawson, Davis and Casey. Indications of anomalous chlorine partitioning above Arrival Heights in Antarctica prior to the 2020 winter are provided, which may relate to effects from the 2019/2020 Australian wildfires. We also examine the effect of the downward coupling of the 2020 ozone hole to the climate of the wider southern hemisphere, which showed regional influences on surface temperature and precipitation in common with other strong vortex years.

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Section: Ozone Hole Metricssupporting

confidence: 60%

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Section: Satellite Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ozone Hole Metricsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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The Antarctic ozone hole during 2020

Klekociuk

Tully

Krummel

et al. 2022

J. South. Hemisph. Earth Syst. Sci.

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Southern Hemisphere Stratospheric Warmings and Coupling to the Mesosphere-Lower Thermosphere

Vincent

Kovalam

Murphy

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Twenty six years of MF radar wind measurements made from 1994 to 2019 at Davis Station (68.6*S, 77.9*E) are used to study the mean re-sponse of the mesosphere-lower thermosphere to stratospheric warmings in the southern hemisphere. Warming events were detected using Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA)-2 data with a systematic search for reductions in the zonal-mean circulation at 60*S and corresponding increases in polar temperatures. Some 38 events were identified, including the major warmings of 2002 and 2019, with an average of 1 to 2 warmings per year. At the 10 hPa level, the polar cap temperature increases ranged from 5 to 30 K, with a mean value of 11 K, while the zonal wind speed reductions varied between -7 to -43 ms-1, with -1 a mean value of -15 ms . Peak values occurred near 40 km. Warmings occurred mainly between August and October, with a small peak in oc-currence in April/May. The MF radar data showed an average reduction in the mesospheric eastward winds of about 5-7 ms-1 at heights near 75 km that occurred some 3-4 days prior to the changes in the stratosphere. Warming events were driven by episodic intensifications in planetary waves amplitudes, with quasi-stationary PW 1 being especially important. Plane-tary wave Eliassen-Palm flux divergences show a systematic behavior with time and height that is consistent with a poleward residual circulation and downwelling over the pole prior to the warming events and an equatorward flow and upwelling after the peak of the events.

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Improvement of the simulated southern hemisphere stratospheric polar vortex across series of CMIPs

Feng,

Rao,

Chen

et al. 2024

Clim Dyn

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Modeling of the Antarctic stratospheric polar vortex from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (CMIP3) to phase 6 (CMIP6) is evaluated in this study. On average, a wide coverage of warm biases appears in the Antarctic stratosphere, which is greatest in the early CMIP and is gradually diminished in the two later CMIPs with the number of models producing QBO increasing. Four metrics of the Antarctic stratospheric polar vortex are assessed for three generations of CMIPs. Biases such as the overly weak strength, the overly large aspect ratio and the westward drifted vortex centroid are commonly shared across the CMIPs. While with improvements of the model resolution, model top, interactive chemistry and physical process, the intermodel spread narrows generation by generation, especially for high-top models than low-models in the simulation of vortex area. Further, Intermodel spread of Antarctic stratospheric vortex is obviously associated with the bias of austral winter sea surface temperature (SST). Speci cally, a warm SST bias in the southern oceans, including southern Indian Ocean and southern Niño 1 + 2 regions is signi cantly linked to the weaker vortex strength and the westward-displaced vortex centroid, which can be partly attributed to the modifying of the upward propagations of planetary waves in tropical and extratropical oceans. The strengthened relationships in the focused regions further con rms the importance of the SST simulation for the stratosphere vortex simulation. In general, despite biases of the polar vortex existing across CMIPs, marked progresses have been achieved for most models.

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The Antarctic ozone hole during 2018 and 2019

Cited by 15 publications

References 74 publications

The Antarctic ozone hole during 2020

The Antarctic ozone hole during 2020

Southern Hemisphere Stratospheric Warmings and Coupling to the Mesosphere-Lower Thermosphere

Improvement of the simulated southern hemisphere stratospheric polar vortex across series of CMIPs

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