The solar transformity of petroleum fuels

Uncertainty characterization of building emergy analysis (BEmA)

“…Meanwhile, it is noteworthy that UEVs stand first for all four subsystem components (interior, envelop, structure and operation). This result is consistent with findings of other emergy studies in which UEV is the dominant factor in emergy evaluation [4,14].…”

“…Meanwhile, selection of UEVs for the energy sources might always be controversial since many emergy researchers have studied the emergy value of electricity and gas in different contexts. For this reason, we try to choose the latest one associated with the proximity of the location being analyzed and thus uses 4.35 Â 10 4 sej/J [14] for natural gas. The UEV of electricity is more complicated and harder to confirm, since it varies according to a mix proportion of primary fuels, whereas natural gas itself is a single primary source.…”

Emergy evaluation of biofuels production in Thailand from different feedstocks

“…The obtained steam consumption data are not mentioned in how steam was generated, as this study assumed that the steam was produced from coal CHP in Thailand which then caused steam transformity to be 1.69 Â 10 5 sej/J (Sha and Hurme, 2012) with an energy equivalent of 2.6 MJ/kg (Shinners and Binversie, 2007) (steam has different transformity depending on its origin. For example, the steam transformity from the biomass CHP process was 1.62 Â 10 4 sej/J (Sha et al, 2011), while from the combined cycle natural gas power plant process, it was 1.30 Â 10 9 sej/g of steam (Bastianoni et al, 2009)). Although high amounts of non-renewable resources were consumed, lower chemical consumption was noticed when compared to Case A.…”

Empirical study on the environmental pressure versus economic growth in China during 1991–2012

“…The transformity of solar radiation is assumed equal to one by definition (1.0 sej/J), while the transformities of all of the other materials, energy and services are calculated based on their convergence patterns through the biosphere hierarchy. The value of the certain emergy transformityis from the corresponding references: (a) (Cuadra and Rydberg, 2006), (b) (Lan, 2002), (c) (Brown and Ulgiati, 2010), (d) (Bastianoni et al , 2009), (e) (Riposo, 2008), (f) (Lan and Odum, 1994), (g) (Brandt-Williams, 2001), (h) , (i) (Zhang et al , 2009), and (j) (Vega-Azamar et al , 2013)as shown in Table 1. The major steps of emergy analysis include identifying the system boundary, collecting eco-economic data, establishing emergy flow accounting, calculating a set of indices and ratios and using them to conduct the analysis.…”