The social, cultural, economic and political strategies extending women’s territory by encroaching on patriarchal embeddedness in tourism in Nepal

Complex factors and educational tools for social change and empowerment for severely marginalized Nepalese women working in hospitality and tourism

“…From the perspective of three female socially and economically privileged Australian researchers, Nepal's caste and patriarchal system seemed an extraordinarily daunting environment for women, which directly hampers their autonomy and constantly dispossess them of their self-confidence (Atteraya et al 2016;Hillman and Radel 2021). In Nepal, the 103 varied caste/ethnic groupings who communicate in 92 languages represent a broad disparity of adversity levels and contrasting social categories (Gurung 1995;Hatlebakk 2008).…”

“…Subsequently, presenting that women can cultivate leadership proficiency and realize a more expansive level of respect within their communities (Hillman 2019;Scheyvens 2000). The advance in women's standing presents an ideal situation for Nepal to generate gender equivalence in terms of occupation to address the hurdles and barriers discouraging many womenfolk in urban, rural and remote Nepal from becoming reliable and distinct wage earners within a tourism occupation (Hillman and Radel 2021;Hillman 2019;McMillan et al 2011;Wilkinson and Pratiwi 1995).…”

“…In their study, the participants experienced some resistance from village men because they broke from traditional gender roles. Consequently, McMillan et al (2011) suggested and Hillman and Radel (2021) affirm, that in the current patriarchally dominant Nepalese society, political empowerment is slowly being recognized but still presents barriers to sustainable change. Nevertheless, their study provided confirmatory evidence that small-scale commercial hospitality businesses do act as a vehicle for the sustainable empowerment of women.…”

“…Initial findings indicated that the hands-on participatory approach to teaching, learning and research conducted in a kitchen environment was an effective tool for empowering the women and improving their confidence to engage with tourists (Hillman and Radel 2021;Guinée 2014;McMillan et al 2011;Scheyvens 2000). As active participants in their training, the PAR approach encouraged individuals and group inquiry about knowledge and skills that they considered effective and interesting to improve their operation in the tourist business.…”

Transformations of Women in Tourism Work: A Case Study of Emancipation in Rural Nepal

“…Th roughout rural Nepal, women have traditionally been marginalised; undertaking home duties and childcare responsibilities whilst simultaneously working in the fi elds (Hillman & Radel, 2021. Th e commencement of women's involvement in Nepali tourism is connected to their rudimentarypositioning in the trekking industry (Acharya, 2001;.…”