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Documents inLevy Economics Institute of Bard College, founded in 1986, is a nonprofit, nonpartisan, independently funded research organization devoted to public service. Through scholarship and economic research it generates viable, effective public policy responses to important economic problems that profoundly affect the quality of life in the United States and abroad. needed. This is necessary if we are to avoid an incomplete description of the gender-specific outcomes in budget policymaking. Further, "hard-to-price" services are hardly analyzed in public policymaking. This issue is all the more revealing, as the available gender-inequality index-based on health, empowerment, and labor market participation -so far has not integrated time-use statistics in its calculations. From a public finance perspective, the gender budgeting process often rests on the assumption that mainstream expenditures, such as public infrastructure, are nonrival in nature, and that applying a gender lens to these expenditures is not feasible. This argument is refuted by time budget statistics. The time budget data reveal that this argument is often flawed, as there is an intrinsic gender dimension to nonrival expenditures.