Gender equity and globalization: macroeconomic policy for developing countries

Abstract

This paper reviews the evidence of gender effects of globalization in developing economies. It then outlines a set of macroeconomic and trade policies to promote gender equity in the distribution of resources. The evidence suggests that while liberalization has expanded women's access to employment, the long-term goal of transforming gender inequalities remains unmet and appears unattainable without regulation of capital, and a reorientation and expansion of the state's role in funding public goods and providing s a social safety net. This paper sets forth some general principles that can produce greater gender equality, premised on shifting economies from profit-led, export-oriented to wage-led, full-employment economies. The framework is Kaleckian in its focus on the relationship between the gender distribution of income and macroeconomic outcomes.

Влияние Внешних Факторов На Развитие Рынка Консалтинговых Услуг

“…It is mainly a result of the tremendous growth of trade in manufactures and export processing in developing countries. Increases in women's wage employment have also occurred in exporters of non-traditional agricultural goods, such as designer fruits and vegetables or cut flowers, in sub-Saharan Africa and Central America, as well as in countries engaged in the more traditionally feminine aspects of the global services trade that involve lower paid and lower skilled work such as data entry and call centres (Seguino and Grown, 2006;UNCTAD, 2014a). Since labour costs are a crucial aspect of international competitiveness, exporters in labourintensive sectors prefer to hire women both because women's wages are typically lower than those of men, and because employers perceive women as…”

“…In primarily agricultural economies where women tend to be concentrated in import-competing agricultural sectors such as the production of food crops, whereas men are better situated to take advantage of export opportunities in cash crop production or natural resource extraction, women lose employment and income as a result of trade liberalization (Fontana, 2007;UNCTAD, 2013aUNCTAD, , 2014bUNCTAD and EIF, 2014). Also, in developing economies with less globally competitive manufacturing sectors, particularly in Africa, tariff reductions on labour-intensive imports have resulted in more job losses for women than for men (Adhikari and Yamamoto, 2006;Seguino and Grown, 2006).…”

“…Both problems could be addressed by raising global aggregate demand and alleviating the income inequality that drives it (TDRs 2010(TDRs , 2013(TDRs , 2014. Expanding domestic demand is also a promising approach from a gender equality perspective, because it would enable a rise in women's incomes and a decline in the gender wage gap without sacrificing economic growth due to a loss of global competitiveness (Seguino and Grown, 2006). Furthermore, given the association between women's incomes and spending on basic needs, there may be positive ripple effects for domestic production to the extent that demand shifts away from imports (Hoddinott et al, 1997).…”

Er politikk eller marked nøkkelen til likestilling i arbeidslivet?

“…Flere anser det å forbedre kvinners stilling både som et mål og et middel for internasjonal utvikling (Sen 1999;UN Women 2015a: 10;Verdensbanken 2011: 3-4, 46). Hvorvidt kjønnsdiskriminering fordrer politiske tiltak eller bør håndteres i det frie markedet, er fremdeles et omstridt spørsmål (Molyneux & Razavi 2002;Seguino & Grown 2006;Stilwell 2012).…”

A Feminist Perspective on the Follow-Up Process for Financing for Development

“…Thus, macroeconomic policy frameworks and institutions cannot be gender-neutral since these are embedded in an interlinked network of social relations that combine market relations and gender relations (Sen and Durano 2014). Some of the macroeconomic analysis that incorporates a gender perspective include Elson and Ç agatay (2000), Seguino and Grown (2006), van Staveren et al (2007), Durano (2012), UN WOMEN (2015).…”