The situation and well-being of custodial grandparents in Myanmar: Impacts of adult children's cross-border and internal migration

Teerawichitchainan, Bussarawan; Low, Timothy

doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113914

Cited by 15 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…According to the modified extended family perspective, one plausible explanation is that children with migrant parents are not necessarily deserted by their mothers or by their extended family. When mother or both parents migrated for work, the children were likely to coreside with extended family members and being placed under the care of other family members (usually grandparents) (Teerawichitchainan & Low, 2021). The increasing availability of mobile phones in Myanmar may also enhance the ability of migrants and origin households to maintain social contacts and other aspects of care including emotional support.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After the 2014 census data became available, systematic research on magnitudes and patterns of migration began to emerge. A few recent studies notwithstanding (e.g., Shwe, 2020; Teerawichitchainan & Low, 2021), there are still very limited empirical studies on how migration affects households in sending communities and the well‐being of left‐behind populations such as the young and the elderly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Parental migration and care for left‐behind children in Myanmar's Dry Zone

Teerawichitchainan

Knodel

2021

Journal of Social Issues

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Myanmar's population has been on the move at an unprecedented level since 2011. Given the country's lack of data infrastructure, little is known about how parental migration affects children in Myanmar's migration‐source areas. Based on the 2017 Dry Zone Migration Impact Survey, this study examines the extent to which parental migration is associated with the frequency of care provision for left‐behind children and the likelihood that their care needs are adequately met. Results suggest that the negative impacts of parental migration were limited to a small proportion of children whose mothers migrated (regardless of their father's migration). These children received significantly less frequent care and experienced a lower likelihood of having adequate support for daily necessities. Yet, the statistically significant negative associations between maternal migration and children's met needs for emotional and financial support were not found. On the contrary, children with migrant fathers and non‐migrant mothers enjoyed significantly more frequent care than other children. Looking ahead, Myanmar's rising trends in migration, population aging, and female labor force participation can pose new challenges in care provision for left‐behind children. Thus, continual monitoring of migration impacts and changing societal contexts is critical for formulating policies to manage risks associated with migration in developing countries.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parental migration and care for left‐behind children in Myanmar's Dry Zone

Teerawichitchainan

Knodel

2021

Journal of Social Issues

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“…For one, younger people are increasingly migrating to urban areas or neighboring countries for employment, leaving their parents behind (Teerawichitchainan & Knodel, 2018 ). Although a recent cross-sectional study from Myanmar did not find differences in general psychological well-being among grandparents in skipped-generation households, compared to other grandparents (Teerawichitchainan & Low, 2021 ), urban migration is likely to have an effect on older adults’ loneliness. Moreover, ageism, i.e., negative attitudes and treatment of older people in employment, healthcare, financial, and societal sectors, seems to be on the rise in Myanmar (HelpAge International, 2019 ) and may also contribute to loneliness (Shiovitz-Ezra et al, 2018 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…We used a convenience-based sample, consisting of 8 participants aged 56–96 (M = 82.5) in the areas of Myeik, Tanintharyi region, and Ye, Mon state, located in the coastal zone of southern Myanmar. Both areas, Tanintharyi region and Mon state, are located at the border to Thailand and have some of the highest migration rates to Thailand (Gupta, 2016 ), suggesting that the prevalence of skipped-generation households may be particularly high in these regions (Teerawichitchainan & Low, 2021 ). Households in Myanmar’s coastal zones are also more dependent on remittances from migrants to reduce poverty and inequality (Shwe, 2020).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Loneliness in Myanmar’s older population: A mixed-methods investigation

Akhter-Khan

Wai²,

Drewelies

2022

J Cross Cult Gerontol

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Objectives Little is known about loneliness in lower- and middle-income countries. This study investigates loneliness in the older population of Myanmar using a mixed-methods approach. Methods To identify predictors of loneliness, hierarchical regression models were used to analyze data from the Myanmar Aging Survey 2012 (N = 3,618, 57% women). In a mixed-methods sequential explanatory design, quantitative data were integrated with qualitative data from semi-structured interviews with older adults in Myanmar in 2019. Results The prevalence of loneliness varied by between-person characteristics. Health impairments, lower income, being widowed, not having children, and living with fewer household members were each associated with loneliness. Qualitative findings suggested that the physical presence of family members was especially protective against loneliness. Religion had mixed associations with loneliness, depending on the type of religious practice, demographic characteristics, health status, and community engagement. Discussion The findings contribute to a better understanding of individuals’ experiences of loneliness and may inform the design of interventions to prevent loneliness in Myanmar and globally.

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“…Kakek dan nenek (grandparents) menciptakan lingkungan yang nyaman bagi anak. Artinya bahwa pengasuhan oleh kakek dan nenek (grandparents) memberikan nilai yang secara umum, yaitu kekeluargaan, cinta kasih, kenyamanan, kebaikan dan perawatan yang menyenangkan (Gottzén & Sandberg, 2017;Teerawichitchainan & Low, 2021). Dalam hal ini pengasuhan yang dilakukan oleh kakeknenek (grandparents) justru mampu menanamkan kemandirian dan kedisiplinan anak yang baik yaitu terlihat pada perilaku anak dalam kesehariannya di rumah seperti anak mengerjakan pekerjaan rumah sendiri tanpa ada pendampingan kakek dan nenek, anak mandi dan ganti pakaian sendiri, dan anak kesekolah sendiri tanpa di antar oleh kakek dan nenek.…”

Section: Pendahuluanunclassified

Dampak Pengasuhan Kakek dan Nenek

Dhiu¹,

Fono²

2021

PAUD

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Orang tua baik ayah maupun ibu menganggap bahwa tanggung jawab terbesar dalam pengasuhan adalah dengan memenuhi kebutuhan dan memberi fasilitas yang cukup bagi anak. Hal ini akan berpengaruh pada perilaku anak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis lebih dalam dampak pengasuhan kakek dan nenek pada anak usia 4-6 tahun. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus. Subyek dalam penelitian ini adalah anak usia 4-6 tahun. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara observasi, wawancara, dokumentasi dan hasil catatan lapangan. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah model Campbell. Cara analisis penjodohan Campbell dengan membuat peta konsep. Hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa bentuk pengasuhan kakek dan nenek dilakukan sesuai pengalaman dan wawasan kakek dan nenek (openes to experience). Kakek dan nenek memberikan kesempatan kepada anak melakukan aktivitasnya sendiri, membuat jadwal pekerjaan ringan dan memberikan aturan lisan kepada anak. Dalam menerapkan aturan lisan kakek dan nenek menyertakan penjelasan yang menggunakan kata-kata yang baik dan mudah dipahami anak, sehingga tercipta interaksi harmonis antara kakek dan nenek dan anak. Kakek dan nenek mengasuh dan mendanakik anak dengan tegas dan proposional. Pengasuhan kakek dan nenek memberikan dampak yang positif bagi perkembangan anak. Kakek dan nenek juga mendanakik cucunya dengan pembiasaan, melalui tingkah laku, keterampilan, dan kecakapan, tertentu salah satunya dalam hal menata baju, dan sepatu. Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa dampak pengasuhan kakek dan nenek tanakak selamanya memberikan stigma negatif bagi perkembangan anak.

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The situation and well-being of custodial grandparents in Myanmar: Impacts of adult children's cross-border and internal migration

Cited by 15 publications

References 41 publications

Parental migration and care for left‐behind children in Myanmar's Dry Zone

Parental migration and care for left‐behind children in Myanmar's Dry Zone

Loneliness in Myanmar’s older population: A mixed-methods investigation

Dampak Pengasuhan Kakek dan Nenek

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