The Simultaneous and Cyclic Appearance of Epidemics of Pneumonia, Grip and Enteritis on the Northern Hemisphere

Richter, C. M.

doi:10.1001/jama.1911.04260120154002

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…This periodicity may, of course, be due to certain cycles in the evolution of the bacteria; another explanation, however, which is frequently suggested is that an attack of the disease is followed by a long period of immunity. There are considerable difficulties in accepting the second explanation-a third is suggested by the observations of Richter (49). He showed that examination of records of disease and weather in al] countries in which they had been kept over considerable periods demonstrated the coincidence of high incidence of pulmonary disease with prolonged periods of anticyclonic conditions, the atmosphere being apparently more irritating to the lungs during these periods.…”

Section: Stwn11tary and Oouciusionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence of Infections with Pfeiffer's Bacillus before, during, and After the 1918 Epidemic

McLeod¹,

Ritchie²,

Dottridge³

1921

QJM

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THE observations to be recorded below are in many respects incomplete, and in view of the large number of papers which have already been written on the subject of influenza it is desirable to explain at the outset the reasons which seem to us to justify this publication. In the first place, the observations, though small in number, were made at various periods from the outset of the epidemic till 1920, and the same technique was employed throughout; whereas most publications on the subject have referred to investigations carried out during some shorter period or with varying technique. Secondly, some of the observations relate to cases seen at the very outset of the epidemic, and it is in regard to the incidence of Pfeiffer's bacillus in the early stages of the summer epidemic of 1918 that there appears to be most diversity of opinion. An extensive review of the bacteriology of influenza has recently been published by Fildes and McIntosh (1). These authors make out a strong case for Pfeiffer's bacillus as the cause of epidemic influenza. In developing this conclusion they summarize the published evidence for the existence of a filterpassing virus and show that it is decidedly weak. They also review the records of experimental evidence for the selective action of B. Pfeiffer toxin on the pulmonary tissues, which have rapidly accumulated in the last two years. There is, however, no detailed comparison in their review of the incidence of Pfeiffer's bacillus during the years preceding the epidemic with that in the epidemic period. The observations of the epidemiologists go to show that there is something like a ten-year cycle in epidemic influenza, a heavy incidence having been noted in 1869, 1879, 1890, and 1898, but not apparently between that period and the recent epidemic (Stallybrass (2)). If Pfeiffer's bacillus is the cause of influenza, it is to be expected that the investigations recorded with regard to its incidence should show a gradual diminution of infections due to that bacillus in the years following an epidemic, and a gradual increase in infections due to it in the years immediately preceding an epidemic. We have tried to get information on these points from the literature. Unfortunately the relatively small number of investigations recorded in which Pfeiffer's bacillus has been carefully sought in the absence of influenza epidemics, [Q.

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Section: Stwn11tary and Oouciusionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence of Infections with Pfeiffer's Bacillus before, during, and After the 1918 Epidemic

McLeod¹,

Ritchie²,

Dottridge³

1921

QJM

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Über das rhythmische Auftreten von Grippeepidemien und die Möglichkeit einer epidemiologischen Prognose

Jusatz¹

1938

Zeitschr. f. Hygiene.

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Urban Air Pollution Exposure Impact on COVID-19 Transmission in a Few Metropolitan Regions

Zoran,

Radvan,

Savastru

et al. 2024

Sustainability

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Based on outdoor air pollution and meteorological daily time series observational and in-situ monitoring data, this study investigated the impacts of environmental factors under different urban climates on COVID-19 transmission in four hotspot European metropolises (Berlin, London, Madrid, and Paris) from March 2020 to March 2022. Through applied statistical methods and cross-correlation tests involving multiple datasets pertaining to the main air pollutants (inhalable particulate matter PM2.5 and PM10, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3)) and climate parameters (air temperature at 2 m height, relative humidity, wind speed intensity and direction, planetary boundary layer height, and surface solar irradiance), a direct positive impact of aerosol loading (PM2.5, PM10, and aerosol optical depth (AOD)) on COVID-19 spreading and severity was revealed. Despite some urban differences existing between the selected cities, particularly for the spring–summer periods, we have observed negative correlations between daily new COVID-19 cases and deaths and daily average ground-level ozone concentration, air temperature at 2 m height, planetary boundary layer height, and surface solar irradiance. Air relative humidity and urban population density have a direct impact on COVID-19 diffusion in large metropolitan areas, and the findings of this study highlight the crucial role of air pollution, in synergy with climate variability, in viral pathogens dispersion in COVID-19 transmission in large urban areas. This information can be used by decision-makers to develop targeted interventions during epidemic periods to reduce the potential risks associated with air pollution exposure and to promote the sustainable development of urban economies.

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The Simultaneous and Cyclic Appearance of Epidemics of Pneumonia, Grip and Enteritis on the Northern Hemisphere

Abstract: Before this Section in 1894, I read a paper on the influence of atmospheric pressure conditions on the prev-Chart 1.-Epidemics of pneumonia nnd enteritis In Berlin, Chicago nnd Sun Francisco.

Cited by 3 publications

References 1 publication

Incidence of Infections with Pfeiffer's Bacillus before, during, and After the 1918 Epidemic

Incidence of Infections with Pfeiffer's Bacillus before, during, and After the 1918 Epidemic

Über das rhythmische Auftreten von Grippeepidemien und die Möglichkeit einer epidemiologischen Prognose

Urban Air Pollution Exposure Impact on COVID-19 Transmission in a Few Metropolitan Regions

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