The Significance of Spermidine and Spermine in Association with Atherosclerosis in Sera of Iraqi Patients

Abstract

This study aims to determine the relationship between spermidine (SPD) and spermine (SPM) with the incidence of atherosclerosis in population of Iraqi patients in comparison with controls. A total of 128 atherosclerosis patients (64 male and 64 female) were included in the present study (aged 45-70 years). They were categorized into two groups: a group that underwent percutaneous coronary intervention catheterization (PCI) and a group that underwent diagnostic catheterization (DIG). 64 age matched, apparently healthy individuals (showing no symptoms of heart disease) of both men and women were also included in the control group (C). Sera were used as samples of the present study; the main measurements included SPD and SPM levels using the HPLC method. Results showed that serum levels of SPD were 631.53 ± 35.637, and 540.49 ± 44.564µg/ml in PCI and DIG patients, respectively. These levels showed significant increases (p˂0.001) when compared to their levels (29.162 ± 6.151µg/ml) in sera of healthy controls. On the other hand, the SPM levels were (159.98 ± 15.981, and 169.85 ±14.606 µg/ml) in PCI and DIG patients, respectively, which also show significant increases (p˂0.001) when compared with the SPM levels (24.26 ± 4.613 µg/ml) in the control group. Moreover, the changes in SPD and SPM levels differed significantly (p˂0.001, and p˂0.05, respectively) according to gender in patient groups. Moreover, it was found that there were positive correlations between sera levels of SPD and SPM in atherosclerosis patients with the levels of white blood cells (WBC) (r=0.58, p˂0.05, r=0.55, p˂0.05), neutrophils (r=0.54, p˂0.05, r=0.51, p˂0.05), lymphocytes (r=0.46, p˂0.05, r=0.48, p˂0.05) and red blood cells (RBC) (r=0.43, p˂0.05, r=0.60, p˂0.01). These results demonstrated that SPD and SPM levels were altered in sera of atherosclerosis patients when compared with the control group. In addition, the data indicated that these patients’ gender played a role in their levels. Generally, correlations were observed among the SPD and SPM levels, the white blood cell differential, and the red blood cells in the sera of atherosclerosis patients.

The Acinetobacter baumannii disinfectant resistance protein, AmvA, is a spermidine and spermine efflux pump

“…In particular, a recent study showed serum levels of spermidine and spermine at >500 µg ml −1 —close to their respective MICs in AB5075-UW amvA or adeB mutants (Fig. 3b ) 57 . Alternatively, efflux of endogenous polyamines by AmvA (and perhaps AdeABC) may provide adaptive advantages unrelated to detoxification.…”

“…Such systems may protect from exogenous polyamines encountered in host environments. Polyamine levels can reach the mM range in plants, the gut, and in serum of patients suffering from some diseases 54 – 57 . In particular, a recent study showed serum levels of spermidine and spermine at >500 µg ml −1 —close to their respective MICs in AB5075-UW amvA or adeB mutants (Fig.…”

Gender-Related Differences on Polyamine Metabolome in Liquid Biopsies by a Simple and Sensitive Two-Step Liquid-Liquid Extraction and LC-MS/MS

“…For example, marked sex differences for N-acetylated polyamines in human urine were identified by Paik et al [13]. Ibrahim et al [47] reported that the SPD and SPM serum levels differed significantly according to sex in atherosclerosis patients. In contrast, Magnes et al [27] assessed sex differences in the human serum samples of obese patients and found no significant differences in polyamine concentration between males and females.…”

Spermidine and spermine are the natural substrates of theAcinetobacter baumanniiAmvA multidrug efflux pump

“…Such systems may protect from toxic levels of exogenous polyamines encountered in host environments. Polyamine levels can reach the mM range in plants, the gut, and in serum of patients suffering from some diseases (44)(45)(46)(47). In particular, a recent study showed serum levels of spermidine and spermine at >500 µg/ml -close to their respective MICs in AB5075-UW amvA or adeB mutants (Fig 3B) (47).…”

“…Polyamine levels can reach the mM range in plants, the gut, and in serum of patients suffering from some diseases (44)(45)(46)(47). In particular, a recent study showed serum levels of spermidine and spermine at >500 µg/ml -close to their respective MICs in AB5075-UW amvA or adeB mutants (Fig 3B) (47). Alternatively, efflux of endogenous polyamines by AmvA (and perhaps AdeABC) may provide adaptive advantages unrelated to detoxification.…”