The short-term effect of swimming training load on shoulder rotational range of motion, shoulder joint position sense and pectoralis minor length

Higson, Emma; Herrington, Lee; Butler, Carl; Horsley, Ian

doi:10.1177/1758573218773539

Cited by 13 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Internal-rotation ROM was not affected after the high-or low-intensity training session. These results are in accordance with those of Matthews et al 18 and Higson et al, 17 who reported no changes in IR ROM after a swim-training session. In contrast, acute reductions in IR ROM of the dominant side have been described after tennis 33 and baseball 34 training.…”

Section: Shoulder-rotation Romsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…The exclusion criteria were a history of shoulder surgery, shoulder pain at the time of the study, and any pain in the 2 weeks before the study that interfered with the ability to train or compete fully. 17 All participants provided written informed consent. For participants ,18 years old, parental or guardian signed consent was obtained.…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The rationale for this time frame was that a normal swimming session lasts around 2 hours. 17 The intraclass correlation coefficient, standard error of measurement (SEM), and minimal detectable change (MDC) with 95% confidence interval for each physical quality were calculated. These results provided information to enable us to determine whether the changes in the shoulder physical qualities after a swim-training session were real or due to O n l i n e F i r s t measurement error.…”

Section: Reliability Of Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date, the effect of swim-training loads on the physical qualities of the shoulder in competitive swimmers has been investigated in only 2 studies. 17,18 Matthews et al 18 found a bilateral decrease in ER ROM and an increase in JPS error in the dominant extremity after swim training in 17 national youth swimmers. In a later study, Higson et al 17 observed reduced ER ROM and pectoralis minor length and increased JPS errors after swim training in 16 elite swimmers.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…17,18 Matthews et al 18 found a bilateral decrease in ER ROM and an increase in JPS error in the dominant extremity after swim training in 17 national youth swimmers. In a later study, Higson et al 17 observed reduced ER ROM and pectoralis minor length and increased JPS errors after swim training in 16 elite swimmers. Based on the current evidence, shoulder maladaptation occurs immediately after swim training, which may increase the risk of shoulder injury.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Training Intensity and Shoulder Musculoskeletal Physical Quality Responses in Competitive Swimmers

Yoma

Herrington

Mackenzie

et al. 2020

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context Shoulder pain is the main cause of missed or modified training in competitive swimmers. Shoulder musculoskeletal maladaptations occur to some extent as a consequence of training loads during swimming that may increase the risk of shoulder injury. Further evidence is needed to understand the training intensities at which these maladaptations occur. Objective To determine the acute effect of training intensity on the shoulder musculoskeletal physical qualities associated with shoulder injury in competitive swimmers. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Indoor swimming pool. Patients or Other Participants Sixteen asymptomatic national- and regional-level swimmers (7 females, 9 males; age = 14.6 ± 3.9 years, height = 160.5 ± 12.7 cm, mass = 55.3 ± 12.5 kg). Main Outcome Measure(s) Bilateral active shoulder-rotation range of motion (ROM), joint position sense, latissimus dorsi length, combined elevation test, and shoulder-rotation isometric peak torque and handgrip peak force normalized to body weight were measured before and immediately after low- and high-intensity swim-training sessions. The intensity of the sessions was determined by the distance swum over or at the pace threshold and confirmed by the swimmer's rating of perceived exertion. Results After the high-intensity training session, shoulder external-rotation ROM (dominant side: P < .001, change = −7.8°; d = 1.10; nondominant side: P = .002, change = −6.5°, d = 1.02), internal-rotator isometric peak torque (dominant side: P < .001, change = −11.4%, d = 0.42; nondominant side: P = .03, change = −6.6%, d = 0.20), and external-rotator isometric peak torque (dominant side: P = .004, change = −8.7%, d = 0.27; nondominant side: P = .02, change = −7.6%, d = 0.25) were reduced. No changes were found in any of the outcome measures after the low-intensity session. Conclusions Shoulder active external-rotation ROM and rotation isometric peak torque were decreased immediately after a high-intensity training session, possibly increasing the risk of injury during subsequent training. Monitoring these variables may help practitioners adjust and manage training loads to decrease the risk of shoulder injury.

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Section: Shoulder-rotation Romsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Reliability Of Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Training Intensity and Shoulder Musculoskeletal Physical Quality Responses in Competitive Swimmers

Yoma

Herrington

Mackenzie

et al. 2020

Journal of Athletic Training

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An Updated Review of the Epidemiology of Swimming Injuries

Trinidad

González-García

López-Valenciano

2020

PM&R

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Objective To carry out a systematic review to update the scientific evidence on the incidence and prevalence of injuries in the swimming discipline, as well as the location, type, and mechanism of the injuries, and to assess whether studies are meeting methodological recommendations for data collection and injury surveillance. Type Analytical‐Systematic review. Literature Survey The databases of PubMed and Sportdiscus were used to search for studies that describe the epidemiology of injuries in adult swimmers between 2010 and March 2020. Methodology Of the 864 articles identified, 14 studies were finally included in this review. The methodological quality of the studies was analyzed with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) scale and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. Synthesis The results showed a high prevalence of shoulder, knee, and lower back injuries among swimmers due to overuse. These injuries were mainly short‐term tendon muscles; there were reported data differences between genders. Conclusions Despite the publication of an injury surveillance single and multisport events document and a consensus on data collection and injury surveillance in swimming, there are huge methodological limitations that do not allow firm conclusions. As such, more epidemiological studies following guidelines for data collection and injury surveillance are needed to establish differences by gender, age group, and swimming stroke.

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Scapulohumeral kinematics and neuromuscular control during scaption are associated with passive stiffness and strength of periscapular muscles in competitive adolescent swimmers

Chen

Wang

Chen

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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The passive stiffness and strength of periscapular muscles may affect scapulohumeral control, especially in overhead athletes due to sports-specific training. This study tried to assess the relationship between the passive stiffness and strength of periscapular muscles, scapulohumeral kinematics and neuromuscular control during scaption in swimmers. Ten male adolescent competitive front-crawl swimmers were recruited. The passive stiffness and strength of periscapular muscles were measured in standard postures by a hand-held myotonometer and dynamometer, respectively. Surface electromyography and electromagnetic tracking systems were synchronized to record the muscle activities and scapulohumeral kinematics during scaption. Correlations between the passive stiffness or strength of periscapular muscles and the kinematics or muscle activity were examined by Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. The maximal strength of periscapular muscles correlated positively with the ranges of upward and external rotation of the scapula and negatively with muscle activity during scaption. Passive stiffness of periscapular muscles was associated with the downward rotation of the scapula and triggered an increase in muscle activity. Increased passive stiffness or decreased strength in the periscapular muscles may affect their role in controlling the scapular rotation and contribute to compensation from adjacent muscles. Our findings suggest that when attempting to evaluate scapular behavior, it may be beneficial to examine muscle strength and passive stiffness of periscapular muscles.

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The short-term effect of swimming training load on shoulder rotational range of motion, shoulder joint position sense and pectoralis minor length

Abstract: This study determined that elite level swimming training results in short-term maladaptive changes in shoulder performance that could potentially predispose them to injury.

Cited by 13 publications

References 27 publications

Training Intensity and Shoulder Musculoskeletal Physical Quality Responses in Competitive Swimmers

Training Intensity and Shoulder Musculoskeletal Physical Quality Responses in Competitive Swimmers

An Updated Review of the Epidemiology of Swimming Injuries

Scapulohumeral kinematics and neuromuscular control during scaption are associated with passive stiffness and strength of periscapular muscles in competitive adolescent swimmers

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