The Short History of the Ifugao Rice Terraces: A Local Response to the Spanish Conquest

Acabado, Stephen; Koller, Jared; Liu, Chin-hsin; Lauer, Adam; Farahani, Alan; Barretto-Tesoro, Grace; Reyes, Milagros P.; Martin, Jonathan Albert; Peterson, John

doi:10.1080/00934690.2019.1574159

Cited by 17 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…For instance, documented Indigenous resistance to Iberian occupation (for example, in North Sulawesi 49 and the West Caroline Islands 50 ) appears to have resulted in a geographically isolated settlement and/or a protracted Iberian settlement process, thereby drawing out the spread of Eurasian pathogens and land use (discussed in Supplementary Text 2 ). A similar result may have also ensued from the geographic inaccessibility of, lack of Iberian interest in or socio-ecological resilience of certain regions, including the interior Amazon 51 and Pacific coast rainforests 52 , the Llanos de Moxos 53 , Palau 54 , the Brazilian Cerrado 55 , the West Carolines 56 and the highlands of Hispaniola 57 and the Philippines 58 (discussed in Supplementary Text 2 ). As a consequence, the demography of some of these less accessible sites after Iberian colonization may have been characterized by population replacement or migration rather than just an abrupt decrease in the population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Non-uniform tropical forest responses to the ‘Columbian Exchange’ in the Neotropics and Asia-Pacific

et al. 2021

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It has been suggested that Iberian arrival in the Americas in 1492 and subsequent dramatic depopulation led to forest regrowth that had global impacts on atmospheric CO2 concentrations and surface temperatures. Despite tropical forests representing the most important terrestrial carbon stock globally, systematic examination of historical afforestation in these habitats in the Neotropics is lacking. Additionally, there has been no assessment of similar depopulation–afforestation dynamics in other parts of the global tropics that were incorporated into the Spanish Empire. Here, we compile and semi-quantitatively analyse pollen records from the regions claimed by the Spanish in the Atlantic and Pacific to provide pan-tropical insights into European colonial impacts on forest dynamics. Our results suggest that periods of afforestation over the past millennium varied across space and time and depended on social, economic and biogeographic contexts. We argue that this reveals the unequal and divergent origins of the Anthropocene as a socio-political and biophysical process, highlighting the need for higher-resolution, targeted analyses to fully elucidate pre-colonial and colonial era human–tropical landscape interactions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Non-uniform tropical forest responses to the ‘Columbian Exchange’ in the Neotropics and Asia-Pacific

et al. 2021

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“…This paper has documented the process, purpose, and rationale behind the pilot project in Kiangan, Ifugao. Certainly, the modules will always need improvement as new archaeological information comes out of the OKV research or the school curriculum standards change (For current publications on Old Kiyyangan Village see Lapeña and Acabado 2017, Yakal 2017, Acabado 2018, Horrocks et al 2018and Acabado et al 2019. The English version of the archaeology modules have no copyright restrictions to discourage revisions, especially if new ideas could suggest ways to make the modules better for public consumption.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These local programs mainly focus on promoting traditional customs and practices (i.e., rice harvesting and planting rituals, weaving, woodcarving, terrace walls and traditional house building, and cultural performances) or the occasional fieldtrips to the local museum. Recent archaeological studies (Acabado et al 2019, Lapeña and Acabado 2017, Acabado 2016, Yakal 2017, Lauer and Acabado 2015, Eusebio et al 2015 in Ifugao contribute to these revitalization programs to create a more encompassing background of Ifugao's past. Archaeology education, in effect, uses archaeological data, concepts, and activities to engage students in learning about history without having to leave their classrooms.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Archaeology in the classroom: A perspective from Kiangan, Ifugao, Philippines | Arkiyoloji sa silid-aralan: Isang pananaw mula sa Kiangan, Ifugao

Dulnuan¹,

Ledesma

2020

SPJ

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How can archaeology enhance public knowledge of local history in a community? This paper explored this question in an elementary-level social studies class in the town of Kiangan, Ifugao, Philippines, where archaeological excavations took place between 2012 and 2017. The authors present an example of the process of integrating archaeology in the classroom. As a form of public archaeology, “archaeology education” in this project utilized archaeological and Place-Based Learning concepts to develop archaeology modules that complemented classroom learning. This paper recounts the pilot project by providing details of the process of designing and developing the modules, the assessment, and the final product.Paano mapapahusay ng arkiyoloji ang pangkalahatang kaalaman ng lokal na kasaysayan sa isang pamayanan? Sinayasat ang tanong na ito sa isang pang-elementaryang antas ng Araling Panlipunan sa bayan ng Kiangan, Ifugao, kung saan naganap ang isang arkeolojikal na paghuhukay (taon 2012-2017). Ipapakita ng mga may-akda ang isang halimbawa ng proseso sa paglakip ng arkiyoloji sa pagtuturo ng Araling Panlipunan. Bilang isang uri ng “public archaeology” o pangkalahatang arkiyoloji, ang “archaeology education” na proyektong ito ay gumamit ng mga konseptong arkeolojikal at “Place-based Learning” para mabuo ang mga arkeolojikal na modyul na makakatulong sa pagturo ng Araling Panlipunan. Isasalaysay din ng papel ang proyekto sa pamamagitan ng pagbibigay ng detalyeng proseso ng pagdidisenyo at pagkakabuo ng mga arkiyolojikal na modyul, ang mga obserbasyon, at ang pangwakas na resulta ng proyekto.

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“…Mudar (1997) recorded cattle remains only within the Spanish occupation levels of Cebu and she did not identify any cattle elements in the Metal and Protohistoric sites she looked at. No cattle remains were recorded in the precolonial and colonial layers of Kiyyangan in northern Philippines (Acabado et al, 2019) and likewise in the 12th–15th century deposits of Butuan in Mindanao (Bautista, 1990). These conform to the available secondary historical literature which indicate that the introduction of domestic cattle occurred in the 16th century (Scott, 1990: 302).…”

Section: Domestic Animals and Crops In The Metal And Protohistoric Pementioning

confidence: 99%

“…First mentioned in the Spanish historical record in the late 18th century (Antolin, 1789; Scott, 1974), radiocarbon dates showed that, contrary to previous arguments, the terraces were built between 1486 and 1788 CE, after the arrival of the Spanish, perhaps by people moving inland away from Spanish conquest (Acabado, 2009, 2017). Investigations of terraces in the nearby Kiyyangan site show a marked shift to wet-rice agriculture from taro cultivation, with intensification occurring in response to Spanish colonisation (Acabado, 2012, 2015; Acabado et al, 2019). Research at the site provided evidence for wet-rice cultivation, in the form of phytoliths and starch from terrace sediments, from as early as 13th century CE (Horrocks et al, 2018).…”

Section: Domestic Animals and Crops In The Metal And Protohistoric Pementioning

confidence: 99%

Archaeological and historical insights into the ecological impacts of pre-colonial and colonial introductions into the Philippine Archipelago

et al. 2020

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The tropical forests of the Philippine Archipelago are some of the most threatened in the 21st century. Among the most prominent threats are the introduction of new plant and animal species, as well as new forms of land management (e.g. plantations), that have accompanied industrial expansion. Such threats have a potentially long-term history and prehistory in the Philippines, not just as a consequence of Spanish colonial administration and land-use changes from the 16th century, but also in the context of pre-colonial introductions of rice agriculture and domesticated animals. However, the impacts of such arrivals on local Philippine societies and ecologies have remained relatively unexplored, especially in comparison to contemporary exchanges between Europe and the Neotropics. Here, we evaluate archaeological and historical evidence for the integration of novel plants, animals and economic strategies into local Philippine cultures and economies from 4000 years ago to the 19th century AD. This includes material culture, archaeozoological and archaeobotanical analysis, as well as archival references to pre- and post-colonial urban settlements, the evolution of land management and rural settlements across the Archipelago. We argue that prehistoric land-use changes, as well as the colonial introduction of crops and domesticated animals, represent a potentially interesting contrast to other tropical regions that came under Spanish imperial control between the 15th and 19th centuries. Nevertheless, to determine the full extent of their impacts on social organisation and Philippine landscapes more detailed, long-term multidisciplinary investigation is required.

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The Short History of the Ifugao Rice Terraces: A Local Response to the Spanish Conquest

Cited by 17 publications

References 48 publications

Non-uniform tropical forest responses to the ‘Columbian Exchange’ in the Neotropics and Asia-Pacific

Non-uniform tropical forest responses to the ‘Columbian Exchange’ in the Neotropics and Asia-Pacific

Archaeology in the classroom: A perspective from Kiangan, Ifugao, Philippines | Arkiyoloji sa silid-aralan: Isang pananaw mula sa Kiangan, Ifugao

Archaeological and historical insights into the ecological impacts of pre-colonial and colonial introductions into the Philippine Archipelago

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